Cited by 411Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchSocial and Intergroup PsychologyChild and Animal Learning Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Children's developmental understanding of ethnicity and race

Quintana, Stephen M.·1998·Applied and Preventive Psychology

DOI 10.1016/s0962-1849(98)80020-6

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0962-1849(98)80020-6

Cites

82 of 82 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Untitled work
(1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 15,136
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 9,020
Untitled work
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872
Development and validation of ego-identity status.
Marcia, J. E. (1966) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0023281 · Cited by 5,172
Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.
Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.608 · Cited by 3,426
Handbook of multicultural counseling
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2419 · Cited by 2,635
Identity—Youth and Crisis
Anthony, E. J. (1969) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)62239-1 · Cited by 2,539
Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory.
LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L. K., & Gerton, J. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.395 · Cited by 2,298
Black and white racial identity: theory, research, and practice
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-0596 · Cited by 2,055
Stages of Ethnic Identity Development in Minority Group Adolescents
Phinney, J. S. (1989) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431689091004 · Cited by 1,461
Gender and relationships: A developmental account.
Maccoby, E. E. (1990) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.45.4.513 · Cited by 1,430
When we talk about American ethnic groups, what do we mean?
Phinney, J. S. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.9.918 · Cited by 1,147
The growth of interpersonal understanding : developmental and clinical analyses
Selman, R. L. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,089
Children and prejudice
Aboud, F. E. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 818
Children and prejudice
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-5328 · Cited by 784
An update of Helm's White and people of color racial identity models.
Helms, J. E. (1995) · Cited by 732
Self-understanding in childhood and adolescence
Damon, W., & Hart, D. A. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 680
Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications
Crain, W. C. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315662473 · Cited by 667
Person Perception in Childhood and Adolescence
Livesley, W. J., & Bromley, D. B. (1973) · Cited by 649
Current topics in early childhood education
Katz, L. G., Glockner, M. Z., Goodman, S., Spencer, M., Watkins, C., Quest, M. A., Wagemaker, P., & Steiner, K. (1977) · Ablex eBooks · Cited by 603
Untitled work
(1971) · Cited by 565
The Development of Self-Understanding from Infancy Through Adolescence
Damon, W., & Hart, D. (1982) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129122 · Cited by 492
Ethnic identity: Formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities
Hunt, L. M. (1994) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90211-9 · Cited by 457
Development and validation of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS).
Utsey, S. O., & Ponterotto, J. G. (1996) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.43.4.490 · Cited by 377
Peer Relationships and Social Skills in Childhood
Rubin, K. H., & Ross, H. S. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8180-8 · Cited by 361
A three-stage model of ethnic identity development in adolescence.
Phinney, J. S. (1993) · Cited by 345
Race awareness in young children.
Goodman, M. E. (1952) · Addison-Wesley eBooks · doi:10.1037/14488-000 · Cited by 333
Do children have a theory of race?
Hirschfeld, L. A. (1995) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(95)91425-r · Cited by 332
Ethnic identity : formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities
Bernal, M. E., & Knight, G. P. (1993) · Cited by 312
Beginnings: The Social and Affective Development of Black Children.
Morland, J. K., Spencer, M. B., Brookins, G. K., & Allen, W. R. (1986) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2578696 · Cited by 312
Emotional Factors in Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children
Clark, K. B., & Clark, M. K. (1950) · The Journal of Negro Education · doi:10.2307/2966491 · Cited by 307
Some dubious premises in research and theory on racial differences: Scientific, social, and ethical issues.
Zuckerman, M. (1990) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.45.12.1297 · Cited by 258
Towards the Elimination of Racism
Katz, P. A. (1976) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-05685-x · Cited by 240
Beginnings: The Social and Affective Development of Black Children.
Scott‐Jones, D., Spencer, M. B., Brookins, G. K., & Allen, W. R. (1987) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069963 · Cited by 222
The Development of the self
Leahy, R. L. (1985) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 215
Children's cultural values and parental child rearing strategies
Spencer, M. B. (1983) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(83)90020-5 · Cited by 212
The Acquisition of Racial Attitudes in Children
Katz, P. A. (1976) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-018316-9.50012-6 · Cited by 207
Black and White in School: Trust, Tension, or Tolerance?
Grant, L., & Schofield, J. W. (1983) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2068050 · Cited by 196
Developmental Patterns in the Flexibility of Children's Ethnic Attitudes
Doyle, A., Beaudet, J., & Aboud, F. E. (1988) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022002188019001001 · Cited by 175
Preschool Racial Attitude Measure II
Williams, J. E., Best, D. L., Boswell, D. A., Mattson, L. A., & Graves, D. J. (1975) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316447503500101 · Cited by 174
The Development of Ethnic Identity in Mexican-American Children
Bernal, M. E., Knight, G. P., Garza, C. A., Ocampo, K. A., & Cota, M. K. (1990) · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1177/07399863900121001 · Cited by 167
Children's ethnic socialization
Ying, Y. (1988) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/0190-7409(88)90011-4 · Cited by 161
The relationship between racial attitudes and social-cognitive development in children: An Australian study.
Black‐Gutman, D., & Hickson, F. (1996) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.32.3.448 · Cited by 152
Race, Color and the Young Child.
Lipscomb, L. W., Williams, J. E., & Morland, J. K. (1977) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2577580 · Cited by 148
White preference in Blacks: A paradigm in search of a phenomenon.
Banks, W. C. (1976) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.83.6.1179 · Cited by 147
Racial Attitude Development among Young Black Children as a Function of Parental Attitudes: A Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Study
Branch, C. W., & Newcombe, N. S. (1986) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130348 · Cited by 145
The Child's construction of social inequality
Leahy, R. L. (1983) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 145
Ethnic Identity Search and Commitment in Black and White Eighth Graders
Phinney, J. S., & Tarver, S. (1988) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431688083004 · Cited by 136
Gender labeling and the adoption of sex-typed behaviors.
Fagot, B. I., Leinbach, M. D., & Hagan, R. A. (1986) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.4.440 · Cited by 136
Shades of Black
Siklos, R. (1995) · Cited by 128
Children's ethnic socialization
Phinney, J. S., & Rotheram‐Borus, M. J. (1987) · Cited by 114
BLACK CHILDREN'S RACE AWARENESS, RACIAL ATTITUDES AND SELF‐CONCEPT: A REINTERPRETATION
Spencer, M. B. (1984) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1984.tb00162.x · Cited by 112
Black Child, White Child: The Development of Racial Attitudes, by Judith D. R. Porter
Coles, R. (1972) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2147870 · Cited by 108
A model of ethnic perspective-taking ability applied to Mexican-American children and youth
Quintana, S. M. (1994) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(94)90016-7 · Cited by 105
Self-citation
The role of cognitive development in children's explanations and preferences for skin color.
Clark, A., Hocevar, D., & Dembo, M. H. (1980) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.16.4.332 · Cited by 96
Ethnic Minority Training in Counseling Psychology
Quintana, S. M., & Bernal, M. E. (1995) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000095231010 · Cited by 89
Self-citation
Race Awareness in Young Children.
Schermerhorn, R. A., & Goodman, M. E. (1952) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2088265 · Cited by 83
Segregation as a Factor in the Racial Identification of Negro Pre-School Children
Clark, K. B., & Clark, M. K. (1939) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.1939.11010160 · Cited by 82
How Young Children Perceive Race
Thorne, B., & Holmes, R. M. (1995) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2077341 · Cited by 76
Social change and intergroup preferences in New Zealand
Vaughan, G. M. (1978) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420080304 · Cited by 73
Self and ethnic concepts in relation to ethnic constancy.
Aboud, F. E., & Skerry, S. A. (1983) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0080675 · Cited by 70
Preschoolers select playmates on the basis of gender and race
Fishbein, H. D., & Imai, S. (1993) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0193-3973(93)90012-k · Cited by 62
Development of Children's Racial Awareness and Intergroup Attitudes.
Katz, P. A. (1981) · Cited by 61
Preschool Children's Social Cognition and Cultural Cognition. A Cognitive Developmental Interpretation of Race Dissonance Findings
Spencer, M. B. (1982) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1982.9915385 · Cited by 55
The Developmental Psychology of Racial Prejudice
Aboud, F. E. (1993) · Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review · doi:10.1177/136346159303000303 · Cited by 54
On Acquiring Social Categories: Cognitive Development and Anthropological Wisdom
Hirschfeld, L. A. (1988) · Man · doi:10.2307/2802596 · Cited by 54
The Child’s Representation of Human Groups
Hirschfeld, L. A. (1994) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60410-7 · Cited by 52
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE MODIFICATION OF COLOR AND RACIAL CONCEPT ATTITUDES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Williams, J. E., & Edwards, C. D. (1969) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1969.tb04537.x · Cited by 50
Social and Cognitive Bases of Ethnic Identity Constancy
Aboud, F. E. (1984) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1984.10532269 · Cited by 48
Race, color and the young child
Landis, D. (1977) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(77)90024-4 · Cited by 45
Black child, white child: The development of racial attitudes
Cambridge, J. D. R. (1971) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(71)90101-4 · Cited by 45
Ethnic Role Taking: The Effects of Preference and Self-Identification
Aboud, F. E., & Mitchell, F. G. (1977) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207597708247370 · Cited by 44
Connotations of Color Names in the United States, Europe, and Asia
Williams, J. E., Morland, J. K., & Underwood, W. L. (1970) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1970.9919925 · Cited by 43
Discovering Social Difference - the Role of Appearance in the Development of Racial Awareness
Hirschfeld, L. A. (1993) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1993.1008 · Cited by 42
Self-concept development
Spencer, M. B. (1988) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.23219884206 · Cited by 41
The development of ethnic identity and ethnic role taking skills in children from different school settings
Genesee, F. H., Tucker, G. R., & Lambert, W. E. (1978) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207597808246613 · Cited by 30
Friends, Acquaintances, and Strangers: The Influence of Familiarity and Ethnolinguistic Background on Social Interaction
Doyle, A. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8180-8_11 · Cited by 25
A Cross-Cultural Examination of Racial Identity and Racial Preference of Preschool Children in the West Indies
Gopaul-McNicol, S.-A. (1995) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022195262002 · Cited by 22
Racial Attitudes of Black Preschoolers as Related to Parental Civil Rights Activism.
Branch, C. W., & Newcombe, N. S. (1980) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · Cited by 21
Correlates of Race and Color Bias among Preschool Children
Boswell, D. A., & Williams, J. E. (1975) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1975.36.1.147 · Cited by 16
Ability to respect persons compared to ethnic prejudice in childhood.
Davidson, F. H. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.34.6.1256 · Cited by 10
How young children perceive race
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-6511 · Cited by 6

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Doyle, 1995, A longitudinal study of White children's racial prejudice as a social-cognitive development, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 209
Zuckerman, 1990, Some dubious premises in research and theory on racial differences, American Psychologist, 45, 1297, 10.1037/0003-066X.45.12.1297 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study.
Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747 · Cited by 2,420
Ethnic and Racial Identity During Adolescence and Into Young Adulthood: An Integrated Conceptualization
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Quintana, S. M., Lee, R. M., Cross, W. E., Rivas-Drake, D., Schwartz, S. J., Syed, M., Yip, T., Seaton, E., & Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12196 · Cited by 1,245
Self-citation
Ethnic and Racial Identity in Adolescence: Implications for Psychosocial, Academic, and Health Outcomes
Rivas-Drake, D., Seaton, E. K., Markstrom, C., Quintana, S., Syed, M., Lee, R. M., Schwartz, S. J., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., French, S., Yip, T., et al. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12200 · Cited by 832
Self-citation
Children's Perceptions of Discrimination: A Developmental Model
Brown, C. S., & Bigler, R. S. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00862.x · Cited by 572
The Development and Consequences of Stereotype Consciousness in Middle Childhood
McKown, C., & Weinstein, R. S. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.7402012 · Cited by 524

See all 411

Authors: Quintana, S. M.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author: Quintana, Stephen M.
Venue: Applied and Preventive Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1998-12
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-45
ISSN: 0962-1849 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0962-1849(98)80020-6
OpenAlex: W2022906695
Cited by: 411
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 11.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Applied and Preventive Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: race, social cognition development, ethnic identity, developmental level

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Children's developmental understanding of ethnicity and race

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks