The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exploring the role of noticing in a three-stage second language writing task
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In their study of two L2 writers' engagement with teacher feedback given as reformulations, for example, Qi and Lapkin (2001) argue that the quality of noticing, related to the depth of processing feedback, is a key factor in improvement in students' revisions.”
From Student engagement with teacher and automated feedback on L2 writing (2018) · cites this paper as Qi and Lapkin (2001)
Citations
Cites
The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning1
SCHMIDT, R. W. (1990) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/11.2.129 · Cited by 5,435
The Role of the Linguistic Environment in Second Language Acquisition
Long, M. H. (1996) · Handbook of Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1016/b978-012589042-7/50015-3 · Cited by 3,927
(1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,037
(1998) · Cited by 2,572
Input in Second Language Acquisition
Bottigheimer, R. B., Gass, S. M., & Madden, C. G. (1986) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/327330 · Cited by 2,336
Metacognition in Educational Theory and Practice
Hacker, D. J., Dunlosky, J. T., & Graesser, A. C. (1998) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410602350 · Cited by 2,138
(1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,917
The Case Against Grammar Correction in L2 Writing Classes
Truscott, J. (1996) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1996.tb01238.x · Cited by 1,874
SWAIN, M., & LAPKIN, S. (1995) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/16.3.371 · Cited by 1,407
Self-citationResearching Pedagogic Tasks: Second Language Learning, Teaching, and Testing
Bygate, M., Skehan, P., & Swain, M. (2001) · Cited by 1,367
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Cohen, 1983, Reformulating compositions, TESOL Newsletter, 17, 1
- Levenston, 1978, Error analysis of free comparison: The theory and the practice, Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4, 1
- Mantello, M. A. (1996). Selective error correction in intermediate extended French writing programs: A comparative study of reformulation and coded feedback. Unpublished master's thesis, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.
- Schmidt, 1994, Deconstructing consciousness in search of useful definitions for applied linguistics, AILA Review, 11, 11
- Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (2000). What two learners notice in their reformulated writing, what they learn from it, and their insights into the process. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Canadian Association of Second Language Teachers (mimeo).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 394
Wang, Y., & Xu, J. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103376 · Cited by 23
Biasing for the Best in Language Testing and Learning: An Interview With Merrill Swain
Fox, J. D. (2004) · Language Assessment Quarterly · doi:10.1207/s15434311laq0104_3 · Cited by 23
The Role of Models and Error Correction in L2 Young Learners’ Noticing and Output
Kim, J. (2015) · English Teaching · doi:10.15858/engtea.70.2.201506.3 · Cited by 22
Bai, L., & Wei, Y. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2024.3491864 · Cited by 21
L2 writers’ processing of written corrective feedback
Manchón, R. M., Nicolás‐Conesa, F., García, M. L. C., & Sánchez, R. C. (2020) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.55.11man · Cited by 21
Cognitive Functions of Translation in L2 Writing
Göpferich, S. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119241485.ch22 · Cited by 21
Ebyary, K. E., Shabara, R., & Boraie, D. (2024) · Language Testing in Asia · doi:10.1186/s40468-024-00312-1 · Cited by 22
Ünlü, A. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.515 · Cited by 20
Using Models in Writing Instruction
Abbuhl, R. (2011) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244011426295 · Cited by 20
Tsai, S.-C. (2017) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2017.1313744 · Cited by 21
Hamano-Bunce, D. (2022) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688221127643 · Cited by 19
ENHANCING READING COMPREHENSION THROUGH TASK-BASED WRITING ACTIVITIES: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Tılfarlıoğlu, F. Y., & Başaran, S. (2007) · Cited by 19
A focus on mode: Patterns of interaction in face-to-face and computer-mediated contexts
Storch, N., & Rouhshad, A. (2016) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 18
The Use of Flashcards to Improve Students’ Vocabulary Achievement
Amiruddin, A., & Razaq, Y. (2022) · ETDC Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review · doi:10.51574/ijrer.v1i2.332 · Cited by 18
Feedback in ESL Writing: Toward an Interactional Approach
Ravand, H., & Rasekh, A. E. (2011) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.4304/jltr.2.5.1136-1145 · Cited by 18
Tieu, L. T. C., & Baker, J. R. (2022) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2022.2049799 · Cited by 17
Model texts as a feedback instrument in second language writing: A systematic review
Nguyen, L. Q., Dao, P., & Nguyen, B. T. T. (2024) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688241291336 · Cited by 17
Castells, L. A., & Cots, J. M. (2009) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658410903197330 · Cited by 17
Kessler, M. J., Loewen, S., & Trego, D. (2020) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168820954456 · Cited by 16
Research on language teaching and learning: 2001
Johnstone, R. (2002) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444802001799 · Cited by 17
Kassim, A., & Ng, L. L. (2014) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v7n2p119 · Cited by 16
Teaching Academic Writing in the EFL Context: Redesigning Pedagogy
Astorga, M. C. (2007) · Pedagogies An International Journal · doi:10.1080/15544800701670089 · Cited by 15
Nassif, L. (2018) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2018.12.008 · Cited by 16
Studies on Positive Evidence Feedback in Second Language Writing: Status Quo and Implications
Cao, Z., & Mao, Z. (2022) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/00336882211072905 · Cited by 15
Ibarrola, A. L. (2023) · Trends in language acquisition research · doi:10.1075/tilar.32 · Cited by 15
Are think-alouds reactive? Evidence from an L2 written corrective feedback study
Suh, B.-R. (2020) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168820967166 · Cited by 15
What Underlies Immersion Students' Production: The Case Of Avoir Besoin De
Lapkin, S., & Swain, M. (2004) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2004.tb02693.x · Cited by 15
Self-citationGöpferich, S. (2018) · New frontiers in translation studies · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1984-6_8 · Cited by 14
Visibilizing invisible engagement behind students’ no-revision operation to written feedback
Fu, X., Yang, C., & Zhang, T. (2024) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688241227666 · Cited by 14
Metanotes (written languaging) in a translation task: do L2 proficiency and task outcome matter?
Ishikawa, M. (2013) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2013.857342 · Cited by 14
Kaivanpanah, S., & Miri, M. (2017) · TESOL Journal · doi:10.1002/tesj.311 · Cited by 16
Subversive Complicity and Basic Writing Across the Curriculum
Villanueva, V. (2013) · Journal of Basic Writing · doi:10.37514/jbw-j.2013.32.1.05 · Cited by 13
Shao, J., & Liu, Y. (2020) · Applied Linguistics Review · doi:10.1515/applirev-2019-0131 · Cited by 13
Ajmi, A. A. S. A. (2015) · Advances in Language and Literary Studies · doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.1p.61 · Cited by 13
REFORMULATION AND SELF-CORRECTION: TESTING THE VALIDITY OF CORRECTION STRATEGIES IN THE CLASSROOM
Ibarrola, A. L. (2009) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 13
Student engagement with computermediated teacher written corrective feedback: A case study
Koltovskaia, S., & Mahapatra, S. K. (2022) · The JALT CALL Journal · doi:10.29140/jaltcall.v18n2.519 · Cited by 13
Farahani, A. K., & Sarkhosh, M. (2012) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.4304/tpls.2.4.688-698 · Cited by 12
Harrasi, A., & Mohammed, S. N. (2019) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) · Cited by 12
Lu, D., & Zeng, Y. (2025) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251397578 · Cited by 11
Lau, W. M. E., Aubrey, S., & Ellis, R. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103329 · Cited by 11
Nguyen, L. Q., & Vu, D. V. (2024) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2024.101161 · Cited by 11
Fujisawa, Y., & Shintani, N. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103765 · Cited by 11
An Updated Typology of Written Corrective Feedback: Resolving Terminology Issues
López, M. B. (2021) · Revista Educación · doi:10.15517/revedu.v45i1.43289 · Cited by 11
Sun, S. H. (2013) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 11
Improving Turkish EFL Learners Writing Accuracy: Effects of Written Languaging and Languaging Type
Yılmaz, M. (2016) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.057 · Cited by 10
Promoting Noticing Through Collaborative Feedback Tasks in EFL College Writing Classrooms
Barnawi, O. Z. (2010) · International journal on teaching and learning in higher education · Cited by 10
L2 Learners’ Engagement with Direct Written Corrective Feedback in First- Year Composition Courses
Uscinski, I. (2017) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) · Cited by 10
Exploring the Use of ChatGPT as a Tool for Written Corrective Feedback in an EFL Classroom
Education Bureau of Hong Kong, S. A. R., & Long, H. S. (2024) · The Journal of AsiaTEFL · doi:10.18823/asiatefl.2024.21.2.8.397 · Cited by 9
Department of Foreign Languages, I. U. O. S. A. T., Farsani, M. A., & Aghamohammadi, N. (2021) · Mextesol Journal · doi:10.61871/mj.v45n4-1 · Cited by 9
Wu, Z., & Zhao, J. (2025) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2025.2600035 · Cited by 11
Beyond Assimilation: Tribal Colleges, Basic Writing, and the Exigencies of Settler Colonialism
Toth, C. (2013) · Journal of Basic Writing · doi:10.37514/jbw-j.2013.32.1.02 · Cited by 9
Bowles, M. A., & Gastañaga, K. (2022) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2022.12.4.7 · Cited by 9
Bagheri, M. S., & Zare, M. (2009) · Journal of English Language Studies · Cited by 9
Wang, S., & Li, R. (2019) · International Journal of Language and Linguistics · doi:10.11648/j.ijll.20190705.16 · Cited by 9
L2 learning and the frequency and quality of written languaging
Ishikawa, M., & Révész, A. (2020) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.55.10ish · Cited by 9
Roquet, H., Vraçiu, A., Nicolás‐Conesa, F., & Pérez‐Vidal, C. (2020) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2020.1765967 · Cited by 9
Rastgou, A. (2022) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2022.100633 · Cited by 9
Morton, J., Storch, N., & Thompson, C. H. (2014) · Journal of academic language and learning · Cited by 9
Noticing the Way: Translingual Possibility and Basic Writers
Stanley, S. (2013) · Journal of Basic Writing · doi:10.37514/jbw-j.2013.32.1.03 · Cited by 8
Montazeri, E. A., Jalilifar, A., & Hita, J. A. (2021) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2021.1990938 · Cited by 8
Dang, T. T. D., Scull, J., & Chowdhury, R. (2021) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2022.15158a · Cited by 8
Developing Sustainable Email Pragmatic Competence for EFL Learners through Reformulation
Chen, Y., & Wu, H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142416868 · Cited by 8
Tam, A. C. F., & Auyeung, G. K. Y. (2022) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2022.2157795 · Cited by 8
Different Textual Enhancement Formats and the Intake of English Past Simple Tense
Sarkhosh, M., & Sarboland, E. (2012) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v4i2.1861 · Cited by 8
Zabihi, R. (2020) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2020.1795913 · Cited by 8
Kim, J. (2013) · English Teaching · doi:10.15858/engtea.68.3.201309.109 · Cited by 8
Henshaw, F. (2013) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 8
Chapter 7. Languaging in wiki-based collaborative writing:
Li, M.-M. (2020) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.55.07li · Cited by 8
The impact of interactive discussions on L2 Chinese composition writing
Liao, J. (2010) · doi:10.17077/etd.s29hekty · Cited by 8
Rummel, S. (2014) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · Cited by 8
Written Feedback Dialogue: A Cyclical Model for Student Engagement with Feedback
Jwa, S. (2024) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.3365 · Cited by 7
Evaluating the potential of ChatGPT-reformulated essays as written feedback in L2 writing
Chen, Y. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100500 · Cited by 7
Rastgou, A. (2024) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2023.101078 · Cited by 7
How Noticing is Affected by Replay of Writing Process During Stimulated Recall
Sabbaghan, S. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.119 · Cited by 7
Nowbakht, M., & Olive, T. (2021) · Written Communication · doi:10.1177/0741088320986554 · Cited by 7
Languaging and learning in independent EFL study compared to collaborative pairwork
Sampson, A. E. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Research Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100102 · Cited by 7
The Impact of Pair Work on Promoting Noticing among EFL Learners
Baleghizadeh, S., & Arab, F. (2011) · 3L Language, Linguistics and Literature : the Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies · Cited by 7
Comparing native models and peer feedback in promoting noticing through written output
Baleghizadeh, S., & Arab, F. (2010) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2010.517535 · Cited by 7
Corrective Feedback and the Development of Second Language Vocabulary
Kamiya, N., & Nakata, T. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108589789.019 · Cited by 7
The Roles of Collaborative Dialogue in Enhancing Written Corrective Feedback Efficacy
Kassim, A., & Ng, L. L. (2014) · Malaysian Journal of ELT Research · Cited by 7
Effects of Output and Note-Taking on Noticing and Interlanguage Development
Kang, E. Y. (2010) · Studies in Applied Linguistics and TESOL · doi:10.7916/d85b022r · Cited by 7
Guo, Q. (2015) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · Cited by 7
Collaborative writing, written corrective feedback and motivation among child EFL learners
Milla, R., & Mayo, M. D. P. G. (2024) · Porta Linguarum Revista Interuniversitaria de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras · doi:10.30827/portalin.vi41.23971 · Cited by 6
Khezrlou, S. (2021) · Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/resla.19054.khe · Cited by 7
The Effect of Output Processing on Subsequent Input Processing: A Free Recall Study
Suzuki, W., Itagaki, N., Takagi, T., & Watanabe, T. (2009) · Studies in Applied Linguistics and TESOL · doi:10.7916/d86m3kc6 · Cited by 6
Knowledge representations underlying covert metalinguistic activity: a working hypothesis
Gutiérrez, X. (2011) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2011.573855 · Cited by 6
Dang, T. T. D. (2016) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v9n5p141 · Cited by 6
Salience in the noticing and production of L2 arabic forms
Nassif, L. (2019) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/flan.12387 · Cited by 6
Exploring the learning potential of models with secondary school EFL learners
Ramón, F. M. (2019) · Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/resla.00013.mon · Cited by 6
Michaud, G., Papin, K., & Parent, M. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103829 · Cited by 5
Student engagement with oral feedback on second language learning: A methodological review
Liu, J., & Su, W. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103752 · Cited by 6
Instrução-focada-na-forma, lingualização e aprendizagem de ILE por aprendizes brasileiros
Vidal, R. T. (2010) · Revista Brasileira de Lingüística Aplicada · doi:10.1590/s1984-63982010000100010 · Cited by 5
Noticing without negotiation?: What L2 Spanish learners report hearing in peer-produced language
Peace, M. M. (2019) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2017-0116 · Cited by 5
Ishii, D. N. (2011) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2011.598525 · Cited by 5
Piri, S., Pishghadam, R., & Eslami, Z. R. (2018) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2017-0132 · Cited by 5
Lucas, T. (2004) · Cited by 5
Guénette, D. (2010) · doi:10.82308/8293 · Cited by 5
Wang, J., Jin, X., Bai, B., & Zhou, H. (2025) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251352265 · Cited by 4
The Role of Written Corrective Feedback in Promoting Language Development: An Overview
Pawlak, M. (2013) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00419-8_1 · Cited by 4
Negotiation about Form across L2 Proficiency Levels and Its Role in Second Language Learning
Hwang, J. (2010) · English Teaching · doi:10.15858/engtea.65.2.201006.47 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Qi, D. S., & Lapkin, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Qi, Donald S.
- Venue
- Journal of Second Language Writing
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 277-303
- ISSN
- 1060-3743 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2045636994
- Cited by
- 383
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 31.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Second Language Writing (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Subtitles and Audiovisual Media
- Keywords
- noticing, second language writing, reformulation, composing, feedback processing, second language proficiency, ESL learners, writing instruction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review