Guideline adherence and survival of patients with candidaemia in Europe: results from the ECMM Candida III multinational European observational cohort study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND The European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) collected data on epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and outcomes of patients with culture-proven candidaemia across Europe to assess how adherence to guideline recommendations is associated with outcomes. METHODS In this observational cohort study, 64 participating hospitals located in 20 European countries, with the number of eligible hospitals per country determined by population size, included the first ten consecutive adults with culture-proven candidaemia after July 1, 2018, and entered data into the ECMM Candida Registry (FungiScope CandiReg). We assessed ECMM Quality of Clinical Candidaemia Management (EQUAL Candida) scores reflecting adherence to recommendations of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines. FINDINGS 632 patients with candidaemia were included from 64 institutions. Overall 90-day mortality was 43% (265/617), and increasing age, intensive care unit admission, point increases in the Charlson comorbidity index score, and Candida tropicalis as causative pathogen were independent baseline predictors of mortality in Cox regression analysis. EQUAL Candida score remained an independent predictor of mortality in the multivariable Cox regression analyses after adjusting for the baseline predictors, even after restricting the analysis to patients who survived for more than 7 days after diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio 1·08 [95% CI 1·04-1·11; p<0·0001] in patients with a central venous catheter and 1·09 [1·05-1·13; p<0·0001] in those without one, per one score point decrease). Median duration of hospital stay was 15 days (IQR 4-30) after diagnosis of candidaemia and was extended specifically for completion of parenteral therapy in 100 (16%) of 621 patients. Initial echinocandin treatment was associated with lower overall mortality and longer duration of hospital stay among survivors than treatment with other antifungals. INTERPRETATION Although overall mortality in patients with candidaemia was high, our study indicates that adherence to clinical guideline recommendations, reflected by higher EQUAL Candida scores, might increase survival. New antifungals, with similar activity as current echinocandins but with longer half-lives or oral bioavailability, are needed to reduce duration of hospital stay. FUNDING Scynexis.
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There has been a clear worldwide trend of decreasing proportions of C. albicans as the causative pathogen of invasive candidiasis or candidemia.
“Independent of these geographic variations, there has been a clear worldwide trend of decreasing proportions of C. albicans as the causative pathogen.”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
The Discussion refers to an increase in Candida species other than C. albicans, which supports the direction of the claimed shift. The Results report species proportions from a European cohort, but the paper does not establish a clear worldwide trend over time. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the European Confederation of Medical Mycology Candida studies, the proportion of C. albicans causing candidemia decreased from 56.4% in 1997-1999, to 54% in 2006-2008, to 46.2% in 2018, with corresponding increases in non-albicans species.
“While that decreasing trend is ubiquitous, with the series of multicenter European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) Candida studies showing the proportion of C. albicans causing candidemia decreased from 56.4% in 1997–1999,57 to 54% in 2006–2008,58 to 46.2% in 201856 with corresponding increases in non-albicans species (Table 1), there are important geographic differences.”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
The Results report that C. albicans caused 287 of 621 cases, or 46.2% when calculated from the reported counts. The Study design says centres entered data between July 2018 and March 2022, so this is not a proportion measured solely in 2018. The earlier percentages have separate citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSummarizing all of Europe, the increase in the proportion of C. glabrata between 2006-2008 (13.8%) and 2018 (21.4%) has been striking.
“Summarizing all of Europe together, the increase in the proportion of C. glabrata between 2006–2008 (13.8%)58 to 2018 (21.4%)56 has been striking.”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
The Results report C. glabrata in 133 of 621 patients (21%), equivalent to 21.4%, across the European cohort. But the Study design says centres entered data from July 2018 through March 2022, so this is not a proportion measured for 2018 alone. The 2006–2008 figure is attached to a different citation and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Hoenigl, M., Salmanton-García, J., Egger, M., Gangneux, J.-P., Bicanic, T., Arikan-Akdagli, S., Alastruey-Izquierdo, A., Klimko, N., Barac, A., Özenci, V., Meijer, E. F. J., Khanna, N., Bassetti, M., Rautemaa-Richardson, R., Lagrou, K., Adam, K.-M., Akalin, E. H., Akova, M., Arsic Arsenijevic, V., Aujayeb, A., Blennow, O., Bretagne, S., Danion, F., Denis, B., de Jonge, N. A., Desoubeaux, G., Drgona, L., Erben, N., Gori, A., García Rodríguez, J., Garcia-Vidal, C., Giacobbe, D. R., Goodman, A. L., Hamal, P., Hammarström, H., Toscano, C., Lanternier, F., Lass-Flörl, C., Lockhart, D. E. A., Longval, T., Loughlin, L., Matos, T., Mikulska, M., Narayanan, M., Martín-Pérez, S., Prattes, J., Rogers, B., Rahimli, L., Ruiz, M., Roilides, E., Samarkos, M., Scharmann, U., Sili, U., Sipahi, O. R., Sivakova, A., Steinmann, J., Trauth, J., Turhan, O., Van Praet, J., Vena, A., White, P. L., Willinger, B., Tortorano, A. M., Arendrup, M. C., Koehler, P., Cornely, O. A., Tumbarello, M., Talento, A. F., Ruiz, A. C., Racil, Z., Stoma, I., Calbacho, M., Van Wijngaerden, E., Henriques, J., Jordan, H., Ferroni, V., Ozyurt, O. K., Milacek, C., Krause, R., Zurl, C., Backx, M., Li, A., Seufert, R., Tomazin, R., Blankenheim, Y., Dávila-Valls, J., García-Clemente, P., Freiberger, T., Buil, J., Meis, J. F., Akyol, D., Guegan, H., & Logan, C.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- Inserm (FR)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- University of Belgrade (RS)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University Hospital of Basel (CH)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (IT)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Hacettepe University (TR)
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (FR)
- Eskişehir Osmangazi University (TR)
- University of Milan (IT)
- St Thomas' Hospital (GB)
- Palacký University Olomouc (CZ)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Hospital de Egas Moniz (PT)
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (FR)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Centre Hospitalier de Versailles (FR)
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (GB)
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust (GB)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Essen University Hospital (DE)
- Marmara University (TR)
- Nuremberg Hospital (DE)
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (DE)
- Public Health Wales (GB)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Statens Serum Institut (DK)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours (FR)
- Université de Strasbourg (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Hoenigl, Martin
- ORCID
- Hoenigl, Martin
- Salmanton-García, Jon
- Egger, Matthias
- Gangneux, Jean-Pierre
- Bicanic, Tihana
- Arikan-Akdagli, Sevtap
- Alastruey-Izquierdo, Ana
- Klimko, Nikolai
- Barac, Aleksandra
- Özenci, Volkan
- Meijer, Eelco F J
- Khanna, Nina
- Bassetti, Matteo
- Rautemaa-Richardson, Riina
- Lagrou, Katrien
- Adam, Kai-Manuel
- Akalin, Emin Halis
- Akova, Murat
- Arsic Arsenijevic, Valentina
- Aujayeb, Avinash
- Blennow, Ola
- Bretagne, Stéphane
- Danion, François
- Denis, Blandine
- de Jonge, Nick Alexander
- Desoubeaux, Guillaume
- Drgona, Lubos
- Erben, Nurettin
- Gori, Andrea
- Giacobbe, Daniele Roberto
- Goodman, Anna L
- Hamal, Petr
- Hammarström, Helena
- Toscano, Cristina
- Lanternier, Fanny
- Lass-Flörl, Cornelia
- Lockhart, Deborah E A
- Longval, Thomas
- Loughlin, Laura
- Matos, Tadeja
- Mikulska, Malgorzata
- Narayanan, Manjusha
- Martín-Pérez, Sonia
- Prattes, Juergen
- Rogers, Benedict
- Rahimli, Laman
- Roilides, Emmanuel
- Samarkos, Michael
- Scharmann, Ulrike
- Sili, Uluhan
- Sivakova, Alena
- Steinmann, Joerg
- Trauth, Janina
- Turhan, Ozge
- Van Praet, Jens
- Vena, Antonio
- White, P Lewis
- Willinger, Birgit
- Tortorano, Anna Maria
- Arendrup, Maiken C
- Koehler, Philipp
- Cornely, Oliver A
- Tumbarello, Mario
- Talento, Alida Fe
- Milacek, Christopher
- Krause, Robert
- Zurl, Christoph
- Backx, Matthijs
- Li, Ang
- Tomazin, Rok
- Dávila-Valls, Julio
- García-Clemente, Paloma
- Freiberger, Tomas
- Buil, Jochem
- Meis, Jacques F
- Akyol, Deniz
- Guegan, Hélène
- Logan, Clare
- Venue
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-06
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 751-761
- ISSN
- 1473-3099 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4320896711
- Semantic Scholar
- 582495d87ca2ebf83aa11e5e8d0d27e186502e4b
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 23
- FWCI
- 31.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
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- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
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- Sanofi
- Gilead Sciences
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
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- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (51NF40_180541))
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Astellas Pharma
- Shionogi
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- Angelini Pharma
- Swedish Orphan Biovitrum
- Tillotts Pharma
- Da Volterra
- Allergan
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00004/05)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis and Management
- Keywords
- candidemia, guideline adherence, antifungal therapy, echinocandins, mortality, Candida tropicalis, central venous catheters, length of hospital stay, antifungal resistance, quality of care, mortality risk factors, observational cohort, antifungal therapy duration
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antifungal Agents, Candida, Europe, Humans, Cohort Studies, Guideline Adherence, Candidemia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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