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Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: merging mind and brain
Abstract
Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders (FMD) are part of the wide spectrum of functional neurological disorders, which together account for over 16% of patients referred to neurology clinics. FMD have been described as a "crisis for neurology" and cause major challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment. As with other functional disorders, a key issue is the absence of pathophysiological understanding. There has been an influential historical emphasis on causation by emotional trauma, which is not supported by epidemiological studies. The similarity between physical signs in functional disorders and those that occur in feigned illness has also raised important challenges for pathophysiological understanding and has challenged health professionals' attitudes toward patients with these disorders. However, physical signs and selected investigations can help clinicians to reach a positive diagnosis, and modern pathophysiological research is showing an appreciation of the importance of both physical and psychological factors in FMD.
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“) and weakness that are significantly altered by distraction or nonphysiological manoeuvres (such as dramatic placebo response) and that are clinically incongruent with movement disorders known to be caused by neurological diseases [1].”
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Startle responses in functional jerky movement disorders are increased but have a normal pattern
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Prepulse inhibition of the blink reflex is abnormal in functional movement disorders
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“alleviation by distraction, and incongruence with movement disorders caused by a known neurological disease.(1) The positive diagnostic features of FMD indicate the”
BackgroundSelf-citationGandolfi, M., Sandri, A., Geroin, C., Bombieri, F., Riello, M., Menaspà, Z., Bonetto, C., Smania, N., & Tinazzi, M. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11230-8 · Cited by 20
“FMDs pathophysiology and management have not yet been elucidated [3, 4, 21].”
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“Psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs), hysterical movements, conversion reaction manifestations, and dissociative disorders are all terms that might be used by a treating physician for a single disorder, thereby further complicating an already poorly understood disorder.(1) Although bradykinetic disorders”
BackgroundFunctional movement disorders: Is the crisis resolved?
Hallett, M. (2019) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27713 · Cited by 18
Pandey, S., Nahab, F. B., Aldred, J. L., Nutt, J. G., & Hallett, M. (2014) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.12016 · Cited by 18
“The failure to be able to tap at requested frequencies can also be a sign of a functional abnormality.(4) Tremor monitoring while a patient is making sudden rapid (ballistic) movement using the unaffected part is another way of differentiating organic and psychogenic tremor.”
BackgroundIdentification of functional visual field loss by automated static perimetry
Frisén, L. (2014) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.12405 · Cited by 18
“Drawing a cautious parallel with the reported prevalence of functional deficits in the field of neurology (Edwards & Bhatia 2012), it appears that the occurrence of functional visual field loss may well be severely underreported.”
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ONOFRJ, M. C., Digiovanni, A., Ajdinaj, P., Russo, M., Carrarini, C., Giannantonio, M. D., Martinotti, G., & Sensi, S. L. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05422-9 · Cited by 17
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“Renewed interest in FMD, developments in neuroimaging, pathophysiological studies (Boeckle et al., 2016; Edwards & Bhatia, 2012; Ellenstein et al., 2011; Roelofs et al., 2019; Stephenson & Baguley, 2018) and increased recognition that not all cases of FMD can be explained by psychological trauma…”
BackgroundImaging Psychogenic Movement Disorders
Mehta, A. R., Rowe, J. B., & Schrag, A. E. (2013) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0402-z · Cited by 18
“for patients with ‘scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit’ [26–28], or for those with drug-induced parkinsonism [1].”
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Benbadis, S. R. (2013) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.12.74 · Cited by 17
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ONOFRJ, M. C., Carrozzino, D., D'Amico, A., Giacomo, R. D., Pizzi, S. D., Thomas, A., Onofrj, V., Taylor, J., & Bonanni, L. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s116116 · Cited by 17
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Arshad, Q., Saman, Y., Sharif, M., Kaski, D. N., & Staab, J. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2021.806940 · Cited by 17
“Indeed, such a proposition is broadly consistent with other models of functional neurological disorders, that posit abnormal integration between top-down and bottom-up brain systems that monitor and regulate behavior (Edwards and Bhatia, 2012; Edwards et al., 2012; Stone and Edwards, 2012).”
ResultPersonality disorders and somatization in functional and organic movement disorders
Defazio, G., Pastore, A., Pellicciari, R., Pierri, G., Gigante, A. F., Fabio, G., Superbo, M., & Margari, F. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.068 · Cited by 17
“…(FMD) are abnormal movements that do not result from a known medical or neurological origin and are consistently altered by distraction or non-physiological manoeuvres (including dramatic placebo response) (Hallett, 2006; Morgante et al., 2013; Edwards and Bhatia, 2012; Fahn and Williams, 1988).”
Marotta, A., Fiorio, M., Fracasso, I., Franchini, C. A., Defazio, G., & Tinazzi, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.583672 · Cited by 17
Gandolfi, M., Fiorio, M., Geroin, C., Prior, M., Marchi, S. D., Amboni, M., Smania, N., & Tinazzi, M. (2021) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.06.011 · Cited by 16
Management of Functional Neurological Disorders (FND): Experience from a Swiss FND Clinic
Barbey, A., Pjanic, I., Studer, H., Bischoff, N., Bassetti, C. L., & Aybek, S. (2022) · Clinical and Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.3390/ctn6010002 · Cited by 19
“Yet, if psychological factors alone are not sufficient to explain the etiology of FND, they are still important risk factors and/or maintaining factors [18,19].”
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Self-citationMedical and Surgical Treatment of Tremors
Schneider, S. A., & Deuschl, G. (2014) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2014.09.005 · Cited by 16
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“Noteworthy features of functional gait disturbance include patients maladaptation to the gait problem in the expected way like a lack of wide-based gait, absence of falls and injuries [56].”
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Functional movement disorders in neurogeriatric inpatients
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“The prevalence of FMD is between 2% and 20% in movement disorders clinics [1, 3, 4].”
Kaas, B. M., Humbyrd, C. J., & Pantelyat, A. Y. (2018) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.12641 · Cited by 16
“The financial burden related to FMDs is substantial for multiple reasons, including disease prevalence, cost of care, and lost productivity because of high levels of disability.(7) Despite the existence of diagnostic criteria for FMDs, patients often seek multiple opinions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of thei…”
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“Furthermore, patients with FMDs often present sudden onset of symptoms with rapid progression, contrary to the slow, progressive course of most movement disorders.(4) Consequently, given the general acuity of worsening or newly presenting symptoms, FMDs are a common presentation in emergency and acute medical settings.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPsychogenic nonepileptic seizures and psychogenic movement disorders: two sides of the same coin?
de Paola, L., Marchetti, R. L., Teive, H. A. G., & LaFrance, W. C., Jr. (2014) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x20140111 · Cited by 15
Functional neurological disorders: an Australian interdisciplinary perspective
Pepper, E., Mohan, A., Butcher, K., Parsons, M. W., & Curtis, J. (2022) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.51543 · Cited by 14
Functional neurological movements in children: Management with a psychological approach
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Theory of mind: A clue for the interpretation of functional movement disorders
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Attentional avoidance of emotions in functional movement disorders
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Clinical decision-making in functional and hyperkinetic movement disorders
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“Indeed, a previous survey of movement disorders specialists concluded that psychiatric evaluation is not regarded as the decisive factor in the diagnosis of FMD.12 Accordingly, the revised diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5 have removed the prerequisite of identifiable psychological etiology.”
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Nonepileptic Behavioral Disorders
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“Conservative estimates consider that at least 10% of all medical services are provided for psychogenic symptoms.(25) Common neurologic symptoms that are found to be psychogenic include paralysis, mutism, visual symptoms, sensory symptoms, movement disorders, gait or balance problems, and pain.”
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“The diagnosis of FMD was based on detailed clinical interviews and examination by an experienced movement disorders specialist (TS) finding positive signs of functional weakness and/or abnormal movements inconsistent in time and incongruent with known movement disorders.(1) 12 13 FMD duration was recorded.”
BackgroundMethodThe chronnectome as a model for Charcot’s ‘dynamic lesion’ in functional movement disorders
Marapin, R. S., van der Stouwe, A. M. M., de Jong, B. M., Gelauff, J., Vergara, V. M., Calhoun, V. D., Dalenberg, J. R., Dreissen, Y. E. M., Koelman, J. H. T. M., Tijssen, M. A. J., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102381 · Cited by 13
“Functional movement disorders (FMD), a subset of FND, are defined as genuine but incongruent with movement disorders that are regarded as “organic” in nature (Edwards and Bhatia, 2012).”
BackgroundBratanov, C., Hot, P., & Vercueil, L. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11526-9 · Cited by 12
“Although we searched for the most common terminology describing FND [11], we also based our search on the terms used in our center, such as dissociative.”
MethodPetrović, I. N., Tomić, A., Mitković-Vončina, M., Pešić, D., & Kostić, V. (2017) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-017-8667-9 · Cited by 12
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“8% of all hospital-based visits, and account for up to one-third of attendance at neurology outpatient clinics.(3,4) They are characterized by movement symptoms that are unrelated to an underlying neurological or medical disorder and can resemble any known neurological movement, including tremor, dystonia, myoclonus,…”
Persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness versus vestibular migraine: A narrative review
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“12,36 The third-generation model prioritizes postural stability integrating physiological, neuroimaging, and psychological data.”
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“Functional tremors are the most common type of functional movement disorders, but the etiopathogenesis is poorly understood (Edwards and Bhatia, 2012; Edwards et al., 2014).”
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Impaired Metacognition of Voluntary Movement in Functional Movement Disorder
Verrel, J., Chwolka, F., Filevich, E., Moyé, J., Paulus, T., Zittel, S., Bäumer, T., Münchau, A. M., & Weißbach, A. (2023) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29303 · Cited by 11
“This finding is strengthened by the fact that, despite lower task difficulty, response accuracy was lower in patients with FMD.”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysiotherapy management of functional movement disorders: the patient perspective
Zeun, D., & Hunter, H. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2272709 · Cited by 11
“…by a disorder in the functioning of the nervous system rather than a known structural disease process and are distinct from malingering and fictitious disorders [2]. they are the second most common reason for referral to a neurology clinic with around 8000 new diagnoses a year in the UK [3,4].”
Functional or Psychogenic Movement Disorders: An Endless Enigmatic Tale
Dallocchio, C., Marangi, A., & Tinazzi, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00037 · Cited by 13
Recent advances in understanding and managing dystonia
Tisch, S. (2018) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.13823.1 · Cited by 7
Pediatric Functional Movement Disorders: Experience from a Tertiary Care Centre
Rakesh, K., Kamble, N. L., Yadav, R., Bhattacharya, A., Holla, V. V., Netravathi, M., Seshadri, S. P., & Pal, P. K. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2020.213 · Cited by 11
“In the movement disorders clinic, the estimated prevalence is about 2%–10%.(6) About 10% of them are found to have associated organic disorder.”
BackgroundMedico-legal aspects of functional neurological disorders: time for an interdisciplinary dialogue
Colombari, M., Vico, I. A. D., Turrina, S., Leo, D. D., & Tinazzi, M. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05162-w · Cited by 11
“By definition, abnormal functional movements are significantly altered by distractive or non-physiological maneuvers, and they are clinically incongruent with those of typical neurological diseases [2].”
BackgroundMovement perception of the tonic vibration reflex is abnormal in functional limb weakness
Tinazzi, M., Marotta, A., Zenorini, M., Riello, M., Antonini, A., & Fiorio, M. (2021) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.04.011 · Cited by 12
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“…symptoms in neurology have dealt with functional movement disorders, which have attracted the attention of researchers for a long time (Fahn and Williams, 1988; Koller et al., 1989; Lang et al., 1995; Stone et al., 2002, 2005; Hallett, 2006, 2010; Edwards and Bhatia, 2012; Ricciardi et al., 2015a).”
BackgroundDeep Brain Stimulation in Posttraumatic Tremor: A Series of Cases and Literature Review
Rojas-Medina, L. M., Esteban-Fernández, L., Rodríguez‐Berrocal, V., Pedro, M., Urzaiz, L. L., & Bailly-Baillere, I. R. (2016) · Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery · doi:10.1159/000448078 · Cited by 10
Physiotherapy for patients with functional movement disorder: a systematic review
Molero-Mateo, P., & Rueda, F. M. (2023) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2022.01.008 · Cited by 11
Neural correlates of an illusionary sense of agency caused by virtual reality
Cai, Y., Yang, H., Wang, X., Xiong, Z., Kühn, S., Bi, Y., & Wei, K. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad547 · Cited by 9
Prehospital stroke mimics in the Stockholm Stroke Triage System
Sjöö, M., Berglund, A., Sjöstrand, C., Eriksson, E. E., & Mazya, M. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.939618 · Cited by 9
Functional Gait Disorders: Clinical presentations, Phenotypes and Implications for treatment
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“People with motor-FND present with abnormalities of motor function, such as weakness or tremor, which when impacting gait can be specifically described as functional gait disorders (FGD) (2).”
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A therapy-led, multidisciplinary programme for treatment-resistant functional fixed dystonia
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Issak, S., Williams, G. P., Kanaan, R., Fini, N. A., & Nielsen, G. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70208 · Cited by 7
Ortega‐Robles, E., Shalash, A., Ramírez‐Bermúdez, J., & Arias-Carrión, Ó. (2025) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.70136 · Cited by 7
Normal eyeblink classical conditioning in patients with fixed dystonia
Janssen, S., Veugen, L. C. E., Hoffland, B. S., Kassavetis, P., van Rooijen, D. E., Stegeman, D. F., Edwards, M. J., van Hilten, J. J., & van de Warrenburg, B. P. C. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3872-6 · Cited by 7
Self-citationBolton, C., & Goldsmith, P. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021573 · Cited by 7
“21 However, awareness of functional neurological disorders among non-specialists and the general public is still relatively low.(22) Patients with functional conditions tend to show more dissatisfaction with healthcare services, and anecdotally, functional disorders feature prominently in some of the most problematic…”
BackgroundMorigaki, R., Miyamoto, R., Mure, H., Fujita, K., Matsuda, T., Yamamoto, Y., Nakataki, M., Okahisa, T., Matsumoto, Y., Miyake, K., et al. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10090636 · Cited by 7
“Historically, Oppenheim’s dystonia was considered to be a hysteric reaction before the discovery of the DYT1 gene [7,32].”
BackgroundInfluentialBrenninkmeijer, J. (2020) · History of the Human Sciences · doi:10.1177/0952695120963913 · Cited by 7
“Medically unexplained suggests that there may be an explanation in the future; non-organic refers to something that is not; and the term functional disorder is seen as confusing because patients see their complaints as dysfunctional, instead of functional (Edwards and Bhatia, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialEdwards, M. J., & Deuschl, G. (2013) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.con.0000436153.01167.a6 · Cited by 7
“With regard to functional tremor, the main examination technique is to look for distractibility of the tremor.(16,17) This is not usually demonstrated by asking patients to do self-paced tasks such as mental arithmetic.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPick, S., David, A. S., Edwards, M. J., Goldstein, L. H., Hodsoll, J. P., Millman, L. S. M., Nicholson, T. R., Reinders, A. A. T. S., Stanton, B. R., Winston, J. S., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305015 · Cited by 6
Self-citationVico, I. A. D., Serranová, T., Colombari, M., Rošíková, T., Růžička, E., Gandolfi, M., & Tinazzi, M. (2021) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15092 · Cited by 6
“More than 50% of FNDs patients present with functional motor disorders (FMDs), characterized by abnormal movements which are inconsistent over time, altered by distraction, and clinically incongruent with classical movement disorders (MDs) [2].”
BackgroundKirkwood, B., & Mark, V. W. (2022) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-228002 · Cited by 6
Cope, S. R., Smith, J. G., El‐Leithy, S., Vanzan, S., Pentland, C., Pick, S., Golder, D., Hogwood, P., Turner, K. J., Billings, J., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073727 · Cited by 6
“18 This links closely with cognitive models suggesting that learnt patterns of behaviour are triggered by abnormal threat processing.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFunctional Neurological Symptom Disorder in Youth
Kodish, I. M. (2016) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/19382359-20160916-01 · Cited by 6
Zucconi, M., Casoni, F. M., & Galbiati, A. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.02.009 · Cited by 6
Mark, V. W. (2022) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-228003 · Cited by 7
“…their symptoms, thus multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, dystonia, Tourette syndrome or tics, and traumatic brain injury (Aboud et al., 2019; Ambar Akkaoui et al., 2020; Edwards & Bhatia, 2012; Espay & Lang, 2015; Stone et al., 2012; Stone et al., 2005), but which are not considered to be FND.”
Janiri, D., Petracca, M., Moccia, L., Solito, M., Monaco, M. R. L., Cerbarano, M. L., Piano, C., Imbimbo, I., Nicola, M. D., Simonetti, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13020175 · Cited by 6
“FMDs entail involuntary (abnormal) movements that are significantly altered by distractive maneuvers and are inconsistent and incongruent with phenomenology described in neurological diseases [11].”
BackgroundZech, M., Poustka, K., Boesch, S., Berutti, R., Strom, T. M., Grisold, W., Poewe, W. H., & Winkelmann, J. (2017) · Case Reports in Genetics · doi:10.1155/2017/2721615 · Cited by 6
“” Given her acute presentation of motor impairment, a functional movement disorder was also discussed but deemed unlikely because of the lack of additional signs and symptoms characteristic of a psychogenic illness [8].”
BackgroundKlinische und kognitive Neurologie des funktionellen (psychogenen) Tremors
Zeuner, K. E., Schmidt, R., & Schwingenschuh, P. (2018) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-017-0476-y · Cited by 6
Functional (psychogenic) paroxysms: The diagnosis is in the eye of the beholder
Erro, R., & Tinazzi, M. (2013) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.10.020 · Cited by 6
Mavroudis, I. A., Franekova, K., Petridis, F., Ciobica, A. S., Papagiannopoulos, S., & Kazis, D. A. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15090997 · Cited by 5
“…in modern FND diagnosis has been the emphasis on positive signs—such as Hoover’s sign in functional weakness, entrainment in functional tremor, and asynchronous limb movements in functional nonepileptic seizures (NESs)—that offer internal inconsistency or incongruity as diagnostic evidence [12,13].”
Hartung, L. K., Schmitt, S., Fremer, C., Klages, C. S., Szejko, N., & Müller‐Vahl, K. (2025) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.70384 · Cited by 5
Mavroudis, I. A., Petrides, F., Franekova, K., Ionescu, C., Ciobica, A. S., & Kazis, D. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13449-7 · Cited by 5
“Advances in diagnostic criteria, therapeutic approaches, and especially neuroimaging technologies have led to a reconceptualization of FND within a modern biopsychosocial framework [2–4].”
Molero-Mateo, P., & Rueda, F. M. (2022) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2022.01.009 · Cited by 6
Gandolfi, M., Sandri, A., Menaspà, Z., Avanzino, L., Pelosin, E., Geroin, C., Vidale, D., Fiorio, M., & Tinazzi, M. (2023) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.13961 · Cited by 5
“11,12 Since the early 2000s, breakthroughs in PwFMD pathophysiology and management 1,13 – 15 have helped set the disorder into a biopsy-chosocial framework, where predisposing, precipitating, and per-petuating factors lead to symptoms ’ manifestation.”
BackgroundImpaired Inhibitory Force Feedback in Fixed Dystonia
Mugge, W., Schouten, A. C., van Hilten, J. J., & van der Helm, F. C. T. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2015.2422892 · Cited by 5
“ronal circuits mediating depolarization of primary afferent fibers [11], adaptive changes within the central nervous system and psychogenic causes, have been suggested to play a role in FD of CRPS [4], [12].”
BackgroundPediatric de novo movement disorders and ataxia in the context of SARS-CoV-2
Wilpert, N., Marcelino, A. L. D. A., Knierim, E., Incoronato, P., Sánchez-Sendín, E., Staudacher, O., Drenckhahn, A., Bittigau, P., Kreye, J., Prüß, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11853-5 · Cited by 5
Clarici, A., Bulfon, M., Radin, Y., & Panksepp, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1395247 · Cited by 6
“The interpretative model that we are referring to is based on the Bayesian model of the brain and the role of attentional components such as exteroception, interoception, and proprioception in the establishment of the disorder (Edwards et al., 2012; Edwards and Bhatia, 2012; Edwards, 2021).”
MethodFixed Dystonia of the Left Hand in a Violinist: A Rare Functional Disorder
Lee, A., Jahnke, A. K., & ALTENMÜLLER, E. O. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.7916/d88w3qf4 · Cited by 5
Chiropractic Care of a 10-Year-Old Boy With Nonorganic Gait Disorder: A Case Report
Wasylynko, D. (2017) · Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2017.02.003 · Cited by 5
Funktionelle Bewegungsstörungen
Popkirov, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61272-9_7 · Cited by 5
Hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome: A Prodromal Subtype of Functional Movement Disorders?
Margolesky, J. H., Puentes, D., & Espay, A. J. (2022) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.13545 · Cited by 5
“20% of referrals to a movement disorder specialty clinic represent FMD.(1,2) Several models have been used to explain the develop-”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Edwards, M. J., & Bhatia, K. P.
- Affiliations
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bhatia, Kailash P
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 250-260
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103595952
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- functional movement disorders, psychogenic movement disorders, conversion disorder, pathophysiology, feigned illness, psychological trauma, diagnosis, treatment, mind-brain relationship, psychological factors
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Humans, Movement Disorders
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