The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: merging mind and brain
Abstract
Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders (FMD) are part of the wide spectrum of functional neurological disorders, which together account for over 16% of patients referred to neurology clinics. FMD have been described as a "crisis for neurology" and cause major challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment. As with other functional disorders, a key issue is the absence of pathophysiological understanding. There has been an influential historical emphasis on causation by emotional trauma, which is not supported by epidemiological studies. The similarity between physical signs in functional disorders and those that occur in feigned illness has also raised important challenges for pathophysiological understanding and has challenged health professionals' attitudes toward patients with these disorders. However, physical signs and selected investigations can help clinicians to reach a positive diagnosis, and modern pathophysiological research is showing an appreciation of the importance of both physical and psychological factors in FMD.
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Haggard, P. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2497 · Cited by 1,134
Who is referred to neurology clinics?—The diagnoses made in 3781 new patients
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Psychogenic movement disorders
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How many patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures also have epilepsy?
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Self-citationWhat should we say to patients with symptoms unexplained by disease? The “number needed to offend”
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Items 301–314 of 314
Dutta, M., Chowdhury, M. M., Kazi, M., & Khandaker, M. U. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27414-5.00001-4
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Ілляш, Т. І., Н.В., К., Mishura, S., & Prokopiv, M. M. (2026) · Український медичний часопис · doi:10.32471/umj.1680-3051.273376
Impaired intracortical inhibition in functional gait disorders: a pilot study
Banerjee, S., Choudhury, S., Majumdar, S., Sarkar, S., Das, K., Mukherjee, D., Bayen, A. B., Kumar, P., Chakroborty, S., Mukherjee, S., et al. (2026) · Annals of Movement Disorders · doi:10.4103/aomd.aomd_54_25
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“4 Etiological frameworks emphasize the contribution of predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors to the occurrence of FND. 1 Predisposing factors may include prior neurological illness, genetic susceptibility, anxiety, depression, emotional dysregulation, and early-life trauma.”
Banerjee, S., Choudhury, S., Santra, D., Kumar, P., Karmakar, S., Mukherjee, S., Ganguly, J., Basu, P., Baker, M. R., Baker, S. N., et al. (2026) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2026.2111923
Functional movement disorders: diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment
Maillard, A., Mhanna, E., Faiz, H., & Garcin, B. (2026) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001504
Vico, I. A. D., Edwards, M. J., & Erro, R. (2026) · International review of movement disorders · doi:10.1016/bs.irmvd.2026.05.005
Self-citationAntônio Austregésilo Rodrigues de Lima: Founding father of neurology in Brazil
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D'Andrea, L., Asciutti, A. P. R., Diniz, J. B. C., Mutarelli, E. G., & Bartorelli, B. (2026) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0046-1827064
“3,4,20 Positive diagnostic fi ndings Among positive signs, Hoover ’ s was the most frequently observed.”
Defying dualism in functional neurological disorder … again: response to Scamvougeras and Castle
Stone, J. (2026) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2026.2641667
“…have also ignored the fact that the most highly cited review articles explicitly address a predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating model involving psychological factors at all levels (Espay et al., 2018; Hallett et al., 2022) some even emphasising this in the title (Edwards & Bhatia, 2012).”
Arbeláez, M. I. B., Wongpaiboon, M., Urrea‐Mendoza, E., Perez, M. J. U., & Ramirez‐Zamora, A. (2026) · Acta neurológica colombiana · doi:10.22379/anc.2082
“The Fahn–Williams criteria stratify diagnostic certainty into a spectrum ranging from documented to clinically established, probable, and possible (1) .”
InfluentialPuisieux, S., & Frismand, S. (2026) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2026.09.006
Takahashi, C., Asahi, T., 神田, 基., Ohta, Y., & Matsushita, I. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1959751
“Historically, FMD has been considered a psychogenic disorder (3).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Edwards, M. J., & Bhatia, K. P.
- Affiliations
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bhatia, Kailash P
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 250-260
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103595952
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- functional movement disorders, psychogenic movement disorders, conversion disorder, pathophysiology, feigned illness, psychological trauma, diagnosis, treatment, mind-brain relationship, psychological factors
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Humans, Movement Disorders
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