The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis
Open accessAbstract
Encephalitis is a severe inflammatory disorder of the brain with many possible causes and a complex differential diagnosis. Advances in autoimmune encephalitis research in the past 10 years have led to the identification of new syndromes and biomarkers that have transformed the diagnostic approach to these disorders. However, existing criteria for autoimmune encephalitis are too reliant on antibody testing and response to immunotherapy, which might delay the diagnosis. We reviewed the literature and gathered the experience of a team of experts with the aims of developing a practical, syndrome-based diagnostic approach to autoimmune encephalitis and providing guidelines to navigate through the differential diagnosis. Because autoantibody test results and response to therapy are not available at disease onset, we based the initial diagnostic approach on neurological assessment and conventional tests that are accessible to most clinicians. Through logical differential diagnosis, levels of evidence for autoimmune encephalitis (possible, probable, or definite) are achieved, which can lead to prompt immunotherapy.
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Cites
Hollowell, J. G., Staehling, N. W., Flanders, W. D., Hannon, W. H., Gunter, E. W., Spencer, C. A., & Braverman, L. E. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.87.2.489 · Cited by 4,279
Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies
Dalmau, J., Gleichman, A. J., Hughes, E. G., Rossi, J. E., Peng, X., Lai, M., Dessain, S. K., Rosenfeld, M. R., Balice-Gordon, R., & Lynch, D. R. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70224-2 · Cited by 3,488
Self-citationTitulaer, M. J., McCracken, L., Gabilondo, I., Armangué, T., Glaser, C., Iizuka, T., Honig, L. S., Benseler, S. M., Kawachi, I., Martinez-Hernandez, E., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70310-1 · Cited by 3,165
Self-citationKrupp, L. B., Tardieu, M., Amato, M. P., Banwell, B., Chitnis, T., Dale, R. C., Ghezzi, A., Hintzen, R., Kornberg, A., Pohl, D., et al. (2013) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458513484547 · Cited by 1,130
Self-citationN‐methyl‐ D ‐aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis
Prüss, H., Finke, C., Höltje, M., Hofmann, J., Klingbeil, C., Probst, C., Borowski, K., Ahnert‐Hilger, G., Harms, L., Schwab, J. M., et al. (2012) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23689 · Cited by 422
Self-citationJarius, S., Paul, F., Franciotta, D., Ruprecht, K., Ringelstein, M., Bergamaschi, R., Rommer, P., Kleiter, I., Stich, O., Reuss, R., et al. (2011) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2011.03.038 · Cited by 361
Self-citationBurden of encephalitis-associated hospitalizations in the United States, 1998-2010
Vora, N. M., Holman, R. C., Mehal, J. M., Steiner, C. A., Blanton, J., & Sejvar, J. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000086 · Cited by 264
Cited by
Clinical Metagenomic Sequencing for Diagnosis of Meningitis and Encephalitis
Wilson, M. R., Sample, H. A., Zorn, K. C., Arevalo, S., Yu, G., Neuhaus, J., Federman, S., Stryke, D., Briggs, B., Langelier, C., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1803396 · Cited by 1,067
Self-citationClinical spectrum and prognostic value of CNS MOG autoimmunity in adults: The MOGADOR study
Cobo-Calvo, A., Ruiz, A., Maillart, E., Audoin, B., Zephir, H., Bourre, B., Ciron, J., Collongues, N., Brassat, D., Cotton, F., et al. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000005560 · Cited by 538
Autoantibodies in neurological disease
Prüss, H. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00543-w · Cited by 319
Self-citationAutoimmune Encephalitis Misdiagnosis in Adults
Flanagan, E. P., Geschwind, M. D., Lopez-Chiriboga, A. S., Blackburn, K. M., Turaga, S., Binks, S., Zitser, J., Gelfand, J. M., Day, G. S., Dunham, S. R., et al. (2023) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.4251 · Cited by 303
Self-citationBrown, J. R., Bharucha, T., & Breuer, J. (2018) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.014 · Cited by 258
Metadata
- Authors
- Graus, F., Titulaer, M. J., Balu, R., Benseler, S., Bien, C. G., Cellucci, T., Cortese, I., Dale, R. C., Gelfand, J. M., Geschwind, M., Glaser, C. A., Honnorat, J., Höftberger, R., Iizuka, T., Irani, S. R., Lancaster, E., Leypoldt, F., Prüss, H., Rae-Grant, A., Reindl, M., Rosenfeld, M. R., Rostásy, K., Saiz, A., Venkatesan, A., Vincent, A., Wandinger, K.-P., Waters, P., & Dalmau, J.
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 391-404
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2280783985
- Cited by
- 4,516
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 250.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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- The paper
- Graus, F., Titulaer, M. J., Balu, R., Benseler, S., Bien, C. G., Cellucci, T., Cortese, I., Dale, R. C., Gelfand, J. M., Geschwind, M., Glaser, C. A., Honnorat, J., Höftberger, R., Iizuka, T., Irani, S. R., Lancaster, E., Leypoldt, F., Prüss, H., Rae-Grant, A., . . . Dalmau, J. (2016). A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. The Lancet Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00401-9
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
