International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions
Abstract
Background There has been tremendous growth in research in pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) and immune mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders since operational definitions for these conditions were first proposed in 2007. Further, the International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (IPMSSG), which proposed the criteria, has expanded substantially in membership and in its international scope. Objective The purpose of this review is to revise the 2007 definitions in order to incorporate advances in delineating the clinical and neuroradiologic features of these disorders. Methods Through a consensus process, in which input was sought from the 150 members of the Study Group, criteria were drafted, revised and finalized. Final approval was sought through a web survey. Results Revised criteria are proposed for pediatric acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, pediatric clinically isolated syndrome, pediatric neuromyelitis optica and pediatric MS. These criteria were approved by 93% or more of the 56 Study Group members who responded to the final survey. Conclusions These definitions are proposed for clinical and research purposes. Their utility will depend on the outcomes of their application in prospective research.
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Although MS typically presents at age 20-50 years, approximately 0.5% of adults with MS have symptom onset at age 60 years or older.
“Although MS typically presents at age 20-50 years, approximately 0.5% of adults with MS have symptom onset at age 60 years or older. 42,43”
From Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
In younger children (<12 years) MS may present differently from adolescents and adults; encephalopathy, multifocal neurological deficits (often with prominent brainstem/cerebellar involvement) and seizures are more common.
“In younger children (<12 years) MS may present differently from adolescents and adults; encephalopathy, multifocal neurological deficits (often with prominent brainstem/cerebellar involvement) and seizures are more common.32”
From Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
Up to 5% of people with MS develop their first symptoms in childhood, almost always RRMS.
“Up to 5% of people with MS develop their first symptoms in childhood, almost always RRMS. 32”
From Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
The performance of the McDonald 2010 criteria has been tested in children with CIS and the criteria have a similar sensitivity/specificity for the development of MS as in adult populations but should not be applied in the setting of encephalopathy (i.e. ADEM).
“The performance of the McDonald 2010 criteria has been tested in children with CIS and the criteria have a similar sensitivity/specificity for the development of MS as in adult populations 35 but should not be applied in the setting of encephalopathy (i.e.ADEM).32”
From Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
ADEM is almost always monophasic; however, an encephalopathic ADEM-like illness can sometimes be the first presentation of MS in both children and adults and diagnostic criteria for ADEM remain imperfect.
“ADEM is almost always monophasic; however, an encephalopathic ADEM-like illness can sometimes be the first presentation of MS in both children 32,34 and adults 43 and diagnostic criteria for ADEM remain imperfect.”
From Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
The clinical, imaging and laboratory features of ADEM and MS overlap and diagnostic criteria emphasise the requirement of encephalopathy in making the diagnosis of ADEM.
“The clinical, imaging and laboratory features of ADEM and MS overlap and diagnostic criteria emphasise the requirement of encephalopathy (altered level of consciousness, behavioural or cognitive change) in making the diagnosis of ADEM (Supplementary Panel 1).32”
From Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
Older children (≥12 years) usually present with clinical features and MRI findings similar to adults with CIS.
“Older children (≥12 years) usually present with clinical features and MRI findings similar to adults with CIS.32,34”
From Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
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Pediatric autoimmune encephalitis
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Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Current Perspectives
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Self-citationLower physical activity is associated with higher disease burden in pediatric multiple sclerosis
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- Authors
- Krupp, L. B., Tardieu, M., Amato, M. P., Banwell, B., Chitnis, T., Dale, R. C., Ghezzi, A., Hintzen, R., Kornberg, A., Pohl, D., Rostasy, K., Tenembaum, S., Wassmer, E., & for the International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University Hospital (US)
- Hôpitaux universitaires Paris Sud (FR)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipl, Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CA)
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- Garrahan Hospital (AR)
- Birmingham Children's Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Krupp, Lauren B
- Tardieu, Marc
- ORCID
- Venue
- Multiple Sclerosis Journal
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-04-09
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1261-1267
- ISSN
- 1352-4585 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-0970
- OpenAlex
- W2025358672
- Cited by
- 1,130
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 47.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Multiple Sclerosis Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Polyomavirus and related diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders
- Keywords
- pediatric multiple sclerosis, diagnostic criteria, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, clinical features, consensus definition
- MeSH terms
- Child, Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated, Humans, Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromyelitis Optica, Pediatrics, Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS
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