Cited by 350Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsSex and Gender in Healthcare

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Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias

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Mazure, Carolyn M, Swendsen, Joel·2016·The Lancet Neurology

DOI 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00067-3PMC PMC4864429

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Defeating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: a priority for European science and society
Winblad, B., Amouyel, P., Andrieu, S., Ballard, C., Brayne, C., Brodaty, H., Cedazo-Minguez, A., Dubois, B., Edvardsson, D., Feldman, H., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00062-4 · Cited by 1,676
Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: assessing sex and gender differences
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Evolving Knowledge of Sex Differences in Brain Structure, Function, and Chemistry
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Sex modifies the APOE ‐related risk of developing Alzheimer disease
Altmann, A., Tian, L., Henderson, V. W., Greicius, M. D., & Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Investigators (2014) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24135 · Cited by 891
Twenty years and still counting: including women as participants and studying sex and gender in biomedical research
Mazure, C. M., & Jones, D. P. (2015) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0251-9 · Cited by 339
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Analysis of the MIRIAD Data Shows Sex Differences in Hippocampal Atrophy Progression
Ardekani, B. A., Convit, A., & Bachman, A. H. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150780 · Cited by 141
Gender differences in risk factors for transition from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease: A CREDOS study
Kim, S., Kim, M. J., Kim, S., Kang, H. S., Lim, S. W., Myung, W., Lee, Y., Hong, C. H., Choi, S. H., Na, D. L., et al. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.07.002 · Cited by 131
Impact of Gender Differences on the Outcome of Alzheimer’s Disease
Sinforiani, E., Citterio, A., Zucchella, C., Bono, G., Corbetta, S., Merlo, P., & Mauri, M. F. (2010) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000318842 · Cited by 118
Sex and ESR1 genotype may influence the response to treatment with donepezil and rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Scacchi, R., Gambina, G., Broggio, E., & Corbo, R. M. (2014) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4043 · Cited by 58
Sex Differences in Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease: The Modifying Effect of Apolipoprotein Eε4 Status
Xing, Y., Tang, Y., & Jia, J. (2015) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2015/275256 · Cited by 40

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Longitudinal quantification of metabolites and macromolecules reveals age- and sex-related changes in the healthy Fischer 344 rat brain
Fowler, C., Madularu, D., Dehghani, M., Devenyi, G. A., & Near, J. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.012 · Cited by 13
Ten-year trends in hospitalizations due to Alzheimer’s disease in Brazil: a national-based study
Feter, N., Leite, J. S., Dumith, S. C., & Rombaldi, A. J. (2021) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00073320 · Cited by 14
A Review of the Role of Estrogens in Olfaction, Sleep and Glymphatic Functionality in Relation to Sex Disparity in Alzheimer’s Disease
Ekanayake, A., Peiris, S., Ahmed, B., Kanekar, S. G., Grove, C., Kalra, D., Eslinger, P. J., Yang, Q. X., & Karunanayaka, P. (2024) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/15333175241272025 · Cited by 13
“2,5,6 For example, in the United States, 4.1 million women over the age of 65 have been diagnosed with AD as opposed to 2.6 million men in the same age group.”
BackgroundInfluential
Neuroprotective Epigenetic Changes Induced by Maternal Treatment with an Inhibitor of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Prevents Early Alzheimer′s Disease Neurodegeneration
Bartra, C., Irisarri, A., Villoslada, A., Corpas, R., Aguirre, S., García-Lara, E., Sunol, C. E., Pallàs, M., Griñán‐Ferré, C., & Sanfeliu, C. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232315151 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, women are more likely to suffer AD than men [67,68].”
Background
Does gender influence cognitive function in non-psychotic depression?
Caldirola, D., Sangiorgio, E., Riva, A., Grassi, M., Alciati, A., Scialò, C., & Perna, G. (2017) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2017.10.002 · Cited by 13
Evolutionary divergence between homologous X–Y chromosome genes shapes sex-biased biology
DeCasien, A. R., Tsai, K., Liu, S., Thomas, A. G., & Raznahan, A. (2025) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-024-02627-x · Cited by 13
“Specifically, the Y chromosome was removed from the female-specific transcriptome.”
Different cortical connectivities in human females and males relate to differences in strength and body composition, reward and emotional systems, and memory
Zhang, R., Rolls, E. T., Cheng, W., & Feng, J. (2023) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-023-02720-0 · Cited by 12
“…differences in autism spectrum disorder (Wer-ling and Geschwind 2013; Baio et al. 2018; Henry et al. 2018), Alzheimer’s disease (Vina and Lloret 2010; Mazure and Swendsen 2016), major depressive disorder (Rutter et al. 2003; Gobinath et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2020), tobacco smoking (McCarthy et…”
Background
Incidence of neurological and psychiatric comorbidity over time: a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada
Maxwell, C. J., Maclagan, L. C., Harris, D. A., Wang, X., Guan, J., Marrie, R. A., Hogan, D. B., Austin, P. C., Vigod, S. N., Swartz, R. H., et al. (2021) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afab277 · Cited by 11
Inhibition of PLK2 activity affects APP and tau pathology and improves synaptic content in a sex-dependent manner in a 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Martínez-Drudis, L., Sheta, R., Pellegrinato, R., Loukili, S., Tremblay, C., Calon, F., Rivest, S., & Oueslati, A. (2022) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105833 · Cited by 12
“By using both male and female 3xTg-AD mice, our work allowed us not only to study how the model recapitulates the two universal hallmarks of human AD, but also to study the effect of PLK2 inhibition and its link to the sexual dimorphic nature of the disease (Dennison et al., 2021; Jankowsky and Zheng, 2017; Mazure and…”
Background
Prediction of brain age using quantitative parameters of synthetic magnetic resonance imaging
Bao, S., Liao, C., Xu, N., Deng, A., Luo, Y., Ouyang, Z., Guo, X., Liu, Y., Ke, T., & Yang, J. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.963668 · Cited by 10
“For example, the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in women is higher than that in men, prompting recent calls for biomedical research to give priority to sex differences in measures related to the disease (Mazure and Swendsen, 2016).”
Background
Event-related potential markers of subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment during a sustained visuo-attentive task
Vergani, A. A., Mazzeo, S., Moschini, V., Burali, R., Lassi, M., Amato, L. G., Carpaneto, J., Salvestrini, G., Fabbiani, C., Giacomucci, G., et al. (2025) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2025.103760 · Cited by 11
“Studies have shown that women account for approximately two-thirds of Alzheimer ’ s disease cases (Mazure and Swendsen, 2016; Sundermann et al., 2019), likely due to a combination of biological, genetic, and lifestyle factors, including longevity and hormonal influences.”
Small RNA Profiles of Brain Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer’s Disease
Huang, Y., Driedonks, T. A. P., Cheng, L., Turchinovich, A. A., Pletniková, O., Redding‐Ochoa, J., Troncoso, J. C., Hill, A. F., Mahairaki, V., Zheng, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230872 · Cited by 10
“As AD disproportionately affects women [47], we further evaluated whether miRNAs and tRNAs, the two RNA biotypes most affected by AD pathology, were associated with biological sex.”
Sex-specific patterns of age-related cerebral atrophy in a nonhuman primate Microcebus murinus
Fritz, R. G., Zimmermann, E., Picq, J., Lautier, C., Meier, M., Kästner, S., & Schmidtke, D. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.02.027 · Cited by 9
Life Course Religious Attendance and Cognitive Health at Midlife: Exploring Gendered Contingencies
Upenieks, L., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/01640275231188998 · Cited by 11
Dysregulation of neuroproteasomes by ApoE isoforms drives endogenous Tau aggregationPreprint
Paradise, V., Sabu, M., Bafia, J., Sharif, N., Nguyen, C., Konrad-Vicario, K., Mukim, R. D., Wang, X., Corjuc, B., Fu, J. M., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518293 · Cited by 10
“We find this 230 noteworthy in the context of the extensive literature on the influence of biological sex on AD 231 pathogenesis(36, 55-58).”
Background
Extravasation of biodegradable microspheres in the rat brain
van der Wijk, A., Georgakopoulou, T., Steendam, R., Zuidema, J., Hordijk, P. L., Bakker, E. N. T. P., & VanBavel, E. (2023) · Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/10717544.2023.2194579 · Cited by 9
“(Becker et al., 2016; Mazure & Swendsen, 2016). yet, we did not find significant effects of sex on extravasation, vessel perfusion or effects on the brain tissue after microembolization with biodegradable microspheres, justifying the pooling of data from male and female rats.”
Background
MIAMI-AD (Methylation in Aging and Methylation in AD): an integrative knowledgebase that facilitates explorations of DNA methylation across sex, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease
Lukacsovich, D., O’Shea, D. M., Huang, H., Zhang, W., Young, J. I., Chen, X. S., Dietrich, S., Kunkle, B. W., Martin, E. R., & Wang, L. (2024) · Database · doi:10.1093/database/baae061 · Cited by 9
Association Between Circadian Rest-Activity Rhythms and Incident Dementia in Older Adults
Wang, W., Wanigatunga, A. A., Etzkorn, L., Rabinowitz, J. A., Palta, P., Pike, J. R., Dougherty, R. J., Zipunnikov, V., Marino, F., Crainiceanu, C., et al. (2025) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000214513 · Cited by 10
Longitudinal characterization of neuroanatomical changes in the Fischer 344 rat brain during normal aging and between sexes
Fowler, C., Goerzen, D., Madularu, D., Devenyi, G. A., Chakravarty, M. M., & Near, J. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.10.003 · Cited by 9
Sex differences in olfactory cortex neuronal loss in aging
Alotaibi, M. M., Marco, M. D., & Venneri, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1130200 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, women are at an increased risk of AD and have faster brain atrophy in the hippocampus than men (Mazure and Swendsen, 2016; Nebel et al., 2018).”
Background
Early Chronic Stress Induced Changes within the Locus Coeruleus in Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease
Minné, D., Marnewick, J. L., & Engel-Hills, P. C. (2023) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205020666230811092956 · Cited by 10
APOEε4 and the long arm of social inequity: estimated effects of socio-economic status and sex on the timing of dementia onset
Hasselgren, C., Ekbrand, H., Fässberg, M. M., Zettergren, A., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., Skoog, I. G., & Halleröd, B. (2018) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x18000351 · Cited by 10
Network analysis of canine brain morphometry links tumour risk to oestrogen deficiency and accelerated brain ageing
Rzechorzek, N. M., Saunders, O. M., Hiscox, L. V., Schwarz, T., Marioni‐Henry, K., Argyle, D. J., Schoenebeck, J. J., & Freeman, T. C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48446-0 · Cited by 9
Sex differences in multilayer functional network topology over the course of aging in 37543 UK Biobank participants
Mijalkov, M., Veréb, D., Jamialahmadi, O., Canal-García, A., Gómez-Ruiz, E., Dídac Vidal-piñeiro, A., Romeo, S., Volpe, G., & Pereira, J. B. (2022) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn_a_00286 · Cited by 9
“…deteriorates with aging might provide important clues on why men and women are vulnerable to different diseases (Golden & Voskuhl, 2017; Mazure & Swendsen, 2016; K. M. Smith & Dahodwala, 2014) and why they show differences in other important health aspects such as brain structure,…”
Background
Sex Differences in the Complexity of Healthy Older Adults’ Magnetoencephalograms
Shumbayawonda, E., Abásolo, D., López‐Sanz, D., Bruña, R., Maestú, F., & Fernández, A. (2019) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e21080798 · Cited by 9
Amyloid toxicity in a Drosophila Alzheimer's model is ameliorated by autophagy activation
Tsakiri, E. N., Gumeni, S., Manola, M. S., & Trougakos, I. P. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.017 · Cited by 9
EEG biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: A novel automated pipeline for detecting and monitoring disease progression
Simmatis, L. E. R., Russo, E. E., Steininger, T., Riddell, H., Chen, E., Chiu, Q., Lin, M., Oh, D., Taheri, P., Harmsen, I. E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251327754 · Cited by 8
“74 This could be further explored with larger, more-representative datasets.”
DNA methylation signature of a lifestyle-based resilience index for cognitive health
Zhang, W. Y., Lukacsovich, D., Young, J. I., Gomez, L., Schmidt, M. A., Martin, E. R., Kunkle, B. W., Chen, X. S., O’Shea, D. M., Galvin, J. E., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-025-01733-7 · Cited by 11
Estrogen and Mitochondrial Function in Disease
Mooga, V. P., White, C. R., & Giordano‐Mooga, S. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.73015 · Cited by 8
“Gender differences have been identified in the pathology of both AD and PD [75, 76].”
Background
Matching of the postmortem hypothalamus from patients and controls
Swaab, D. F., & Bao, A. (2021) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00007-8 · Cited by 7
Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Primary Care: Current Knowledge and Future Directions Based on Findings From a Large Cross-Sectional Study in Crete, Greece
Bertsias, A., Symvoulakis, E. K., Tziraki, C., Panagiotakis, S. H., Mathioudakis, L., Zaganas, I. V., Basta, M., Boumpas, D., Simos, P. G., Vgontzas, A. N., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.592924 · Cited by 8
“Since there is no treatment available to stop or reverse the underlying pathophysiology, the economic, and societal repercussions of dementia threaten to become overwhelming as more people live into old age (4).”
Background
Sexual dimorphism in the relationship between brain complexity, volume and general intelligence (g): a cross-cohort study
Sandu, A., Waiter, G. D., Staff, R. T., Nazlee, N., Habota, T., McNeil, C. J., Chapko, D., Williams, J. H. G., Fall, C. H. D., Chandak, G. R., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15208-4 · Cited by 8
Multimorbid Patterns and Cognitive Performance in the Presence of Informative Dropout Among Community-Dwelling Taiwanese Older Adults
Hsieh, P., Chen, Y., Chen, T., Chiou, J., & Chen, J. (2023) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igad012 · Cited by 8
“A study found that women with depressive symptoms were more likely to experience a faster progression of hippocampal atrophy, which was related to memory dysfunction (Mazure & Swendsen, 2016).”
Background
Amyloid deposition is associated with different patterns of hippocampal connectivity in men versus women
Wu, M., Thurston, R. C., Tudorascu, D., Karim, H. T., Mathis, C. A., Lopresti, B. J., Kamboh, M. I., Cohen, A. D., Snitz, B. E., Klunk, W. E., et al. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.11.020 · Cited by 9
STAU1 exhibits a dual function by promoting amyloidogenesis and tau phosphorylation in cultured cells
Li, C., Zhou, G., Xie, X., Wang, L., Chen, X., Pan, Q., Pu, Y., Yang, J., Li, S., & Chen, G. (2024) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114805 · Cited by 9
How Can We Use Mathematical Modeling of Amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Clinical Practices?
Chu, C., Low, Y. L., Ma, L., Wang, Y., Cox, T. O., Doré, V., Masters, C. L., Goudey, B., Jin, L., & Pan, Y. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230938 · Cited by 7
“The accumulation of extracellular A (cid:2) plaques and hyperphosphorylation of tau impairs the normal function of neurons and lead to neuronal death [4], altogether the rate of AD progression varies between individuals [5, 6].”
Sex differences in cognitive functioning in patients with heart failure
Kuipers, S., Kappelle, L. J., Greving, J. P., Amier, R. P., de Bresser, J., Bron, E. E., Leeuwis, A. E., Marcks, N., den Ruijter, H. M., Biessels, G. J., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.132603 · Cited by 7
Disentangling the effect of sex from brain size on brain organization and cognitive functioning
Brzezinski-Rittner, A., Moqadam, R., Iturria‐Medina, Y., Chakravarty, M. M., Dadar, M., & Zeighami, Y. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01486-5 · Cited by 7
“Prevalence of AD has a female:male prevalence ratio of 2:1 [15, 16] whereas the reported male:female incidence ratios of PD in Western and South American Populations range from 1.3:1 to 2:1 [17].”
Influential
The mediating role of socioeconomic status on the relationship between pregnancy history and later-life cognition
Giudicessi, A., Saelzler, U. G., Shadyab, A. H., Posis, A. I. B., Sundermann, E. E., Banks, S. J., & Panizzon, M. S. (2022) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697137.2022.2129004 · Cited by 7
“ing with Alzheimer’s disease are women [1,2].”
Risk Factors and Prevention in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
Grande, G., Vetrano, D. L., & Mangialasche, F. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_6 · Cited by 7
Sex Differences in the Prevalent Use of Oral Formulations of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Older Adults with Dementia
Zhu, L., Rochon, P. A., Gruneir, A., Wu, W., Giannakeas, V., Austin, P. C., Stall, N. M., McCarthy, L. M., Alberga, A., Herrmann, N., et al. (2019) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-019-00690-9 · Cited by 7
Strategies for home nutritional support in dementia care and its relevance in low-middle-income countries
Paul, S. (2020) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_850_19 · Cited by 7
Female-sensitive multifunctional phytoestrogen nanotherapeutics for tailored management of postmenopausal Alzheimer's disease
Chen, Z., Zhao, D., Cheng, M., Yang, F., Liu, Y., Chang, J. K., & Dou, Y. (2024) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2023.102119 · Cited by 6
Temporal Alterations in White Matter in AnAppKnock-In Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Morrissey, Z. D., Gao, J., Shetti, A., Li, W., Zhan, L., Li, W., Fortel, I., Saido, T. C., Saito, T., Ajilore, O., et al. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0496-23.2024 · Cited by 8
Sex and Cardiovascular Function in Relation to Vascular Brain Injury in Patients with Cognitive Complaints
Kuipers, S., Biessels, G. J., Greving, J. P., Amier, R. P., de Bresser, J., Bron, E. E., van der Flier, W. M., van der Geest, R. J., Hooghiemstra, A. M., van Oostenbrugge, R. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210360 · Cited by 6
Dementia in Women
Derreberry, T. M., & Holroyd, S. (2017) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.01.006 · Cited by 6
Tempe, Tofu, and Amyloid-β 1–40 Serum Levels in Ovariectomized Rats
Kridawati, A., Hardinsyah, H., Sulaeman, A., Rahardjo, T. B. W., & Hogervorst, E. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200220 · Cited by 6
“The risk of AD is also higher in older women than in men, which may be related to their lower levels of sex steroids, such as estrogens after menopause [4, 5].”
Sex Differences in Obesity-Induced Inflammation
Terrazas, S., Brashear, L., Escoto, A.-K., Lynch, S. E., Slaughter, D., Xavier, N., Estes, N. R., & Giordano‐Mooga, S. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.84941 · Cited by 6
“AD and other dementias occur more commonly in women than in men worldwide suggesting that there may be some sex-specific hormonal influences to the progression of the disease [87].”
Background
Correlation of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia with patients’ sociodemographic & clinical details and caregivers’ distress
Deo, V. K., Singh, K. K., Sinha, N., Kumar, A., & Kumar, S. (2024) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_137_23 · Cited by 5
“[25] A finding of increasing severity of multiple BPSD domains with the decline in both cognition and related activities of daily living in dementia patients of this study is supported by findings of the research works done in both India [9] and abroad.”
Few sex differences in regional gray matter volume growth trajectories across early childhood
Long, M., Ostertag, C., Reynolds, J. E., Zheng, J., Landman, B. A., Huo, Y., Forkert, N. D., & Lebel, C. A. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00154 · Cited by 7
“…prevalence rates for mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders ( Copeland et al., 2014; Gogos et al., 2019; Halladay et al., 2015; Mathes et al., 2019; Maughan et al., 2013; Mazure & Swendsen, 2016; Merikangas & Almasy, 2020; Ramtekkar et al., 2010; Rutter et al., 2003; Smink et al., 2012).”
Background
Pharmacological inhibition of PLK2 kinase activity mitigates cognitive decline but aggravates APP pathology in a sex-dependent manner in APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Martínez-Drudis, L., Bérard, M., Musiol, D., Rivest, S., & Oueslati, A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39571 · Cited by 6
Sleep in Women Across the Stages of Life
Pusalavidyasagar, S. S., Abbasi, A., Cervenka, T., & Irfan, M. (2018) · Clinical Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/cpm.0000000000000263 · Cited by 5
Sex differences in resting state network (RSN) functional connections with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) progression
Zhao, J., Ding, X.-T., & Men, G. (2020) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134891 · Cited by 5
Exploration of the correlation between superficial cerebral veins identified using susceptibility-weighted imaging findings and cognitive differences between sexes based on deep learning: a preliminary study
Wang, Y., Xie, Q., Wu, J., Han, P., Tan, Z., Liao, Y., He, W., & Wang, G. (2023) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims-22-87 · Cited by 5
Alzheimer’s Related Neurodegeneration Mediates Air Pollution Effects on Medial Temporal Lobe AtrophyPreprint
Petkus, A. J., Salminen, L. E., Wang, X., Driscoll, I. F., Millstein, J., Beavers, D. P., Espeland, M. A., Braskie, M. N., Thompson, P. M., Casanova, R., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.23299144 · Cited by 5
“Cognitive impairment leading to Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias disproportionately impacts women, 1 and is among the leading causes of disability and death worldwide.”
Background
Sex effects on gene expression across the human cerebral cortex at single cell resolutionPreprint
DeCasien, A. R., Auluck, P. K., Liu, S., Marenco, S., Cookson, M., & Raznahan, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.661781 · Cited by 5
Recent Advances and Future Directions in Alzheimer’s Disease Genetic Research
Stancheva, M., Toncheva, D. I., & Karachanak-Yankova, S. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26167819 · Cited by 4
“Women are disproportionately affected by AD, exhibiting higher incidence and more rapid cognitive decline compared to men [96,97].”
Dual decline in subjective gait speed and domain-specific cognition is associated with higher risk of incident dementia in older Japanese adults: A 15-year age-specific cohort study
Hao, W., Shan, Y., Kimura, T., Ukawa, S., Ohira, H., Okabayashi, S., Wakai, K., Ando, M., & Tamakoshi, A. (2023) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2023.105254 · Cited by 4
Sex differences in functional connectivity and the predictive role of the connectome‐based predictive model in Alzheimer's disease
Li, Y., Zhu, W., Zhou, S., Li, H., Gao, Z., Huang, Z., Li, X., Yu, Y., & Li, X. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25307 · Cited by 4
Tasas corregidas de mortalidad atribuible a la demencia por la enfermedad de Alzheimer, Brasil, 2009-2013
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Neuroticism biases memory self-report in women
Bratlee‐Whitaker, E., Hill, N. L., Mogle, J. A., & Bhang, I. (2019) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1080/08952841.2019.1700729 · Cited by 4
“…frequency of reported memory problems (Gagnon et al., 1994; Genziani et al., 2013; Tomita et al., 2014) and unique risk profile for cognitive decline (Mazure & Swendsen, 2016; Pérès et al., 2011), women score consistently higher in neuroticism compared to men (Costa, Terracciano, & McCrae, 2001).”
Background
Dementia and autopsy-verified causes of death in racially-diverse older Brazilians
Farfel, J. M., Leurgans, S. E., Capuano, A. W., Sampaio, M. C. D. M., Wilson, R. S., Schneider, J. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261036 · Cited by 4
“Sex and race have also been shown to be related to differential odds of having dementia [27, 28].”
Background
Association of cigarette smoking with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of insulin sensitivity and neurodegeneration
Wang, F., Li, H., Kong, T., Shan, L., Guo, J., Wu, Y., Luο, X., Satyanarayanan, S. K., Su, K., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3432 · Cited by 3
Hormone Therapy and Effects on Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease in Postmenopausal Women: Importance of Nomenclature
Yare, K., & Woodward, M. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190896 · Cited by 5
Advances at the intersection of normal brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease
Neuner, S. M., Wilmott, L. A., Burger, C., & Kaczorowski, C. C. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.052 · Cited by 4
Exploratory Data Analysis in a Six-Year Longitudinal Study in Healthy Brain AgingPreprint
Gómez-Ramírez, J., Ávila‐Villanueva, M., Payo, B. F., Quijano, T. D. S., Soler, M. V., Sevilla, M. A. Z., & Fernández‐Blázquez, M. A. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/674853 · Cited by 4
Sex Matters: Association with Superager Classification and Risk Factors
McPhee, M. D., McKetton, L., LaPlume, A. A., Troyer, A. K., & Anderson, N. D. (2024) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acae064 · Cited by 3
Associations between peripheral nerve stimulation and cognitive performance: insights from healthy individuals and various disease pathologies
Liu, X., Yang, C., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Liao, H., Liu, H., Zhang, M., Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1518198 · Cited by 3
Comorbidities in spinal muscular atrophy and their impact on the course of the underlying disease: a real-life observational study
Błauciak, M., Ubysz, J., Wieczorek, M., & Koszewicz, M. A. (2025) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09133-6 · Cited by 3
Microbiome functional gene pathways are indicative of cognitive performance in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease
Zeamer, A. L., Lai, Y., Loew, E. B., Sanborn, V. E., Tracy, M., Jo, C., Ferdinand, D., Ward, D. V., Bhattarai, S. K., Drake, J., et al. (2026) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2026.2676162 · Cited by 6
“108,109 Given the known sex differences in the microbiome 110 as well as AD incidence, 111 these results could be explained by the gut microbiome.”
Inferring Personalized Treatment Effect of Antihypertensives on Alzheimer’s Disease Using Deep Learning
Upadhyaya, P., Ling, Y., Chen, L., Kim, Y., & Jiang, X. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) · doi:10.1109/ichi57859.2023.00018 · Cited by 2
“There is signiﬁcant evidence to indicate heterogeneity in the prevalence of AD in different demographic groups (e.g., African Americans [2], female [3], comorbid illness (e.g., hypertension [4], diabetes [5], obesity [6]), and interventions that are administered over a large part of life span…”
Background
No significant sex differences in incidence or phenotype for the SMNΔ7 mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy
Cottam, N. C., Harrington, M. A., Schork, P. M., & Sun, J. (2024) · Neuromuscular Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2024.03.002 · Cited by 3
Sex-Specific Adaptations in Alzheimer’s Disease and Ischemic Stroke: A Longitudinal Study in Male and Female APPswe/PS1dE9 Mice
Lohkamp, K. J., Timmer, N., Guardia, G. S., Shenk, J. C., Verweij, V., Geenen, B., Dederen, P. J. W. C., Bakker, L., Egitimci, C., Yoldas, R., et al. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15030333 · Cited by 4
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Fair Canonical Correlation Analysis
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“Disease distribution among sensitivity features, such as higher AD occurrence in women, can also impact fairness [41].”
BackgroundMethod
Spatiotemporal development of the neuronal accumulation of amyloid precursor protein and the amyloid plaque formation in the brain of 3xTg-AD mice
Ono, M., Ito, T., Yamaki, S., Hori, Y., Zhou, Q., Zhao, X., Muramoto, S., Yamamoto, R., Furuyama, T., Sakata‐Haga, H., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28821 · Cited by 3
“Intriguingly, this result is consistent with the higher risk of AD in women than in men in humans [36].”
Result
Bioinformatics approaches for studying molecular sex differences in complex diseases
Loo, R. T. J., Soudy, M., Nasta, F., Macchi, M., & Glaab, E. (2024) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbae499 · Cited by 4
“For instance, a higher age-adjusted prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is observed in women than in men [24, 25], but an opposite pattern has been reported for Parkinson’s disease (PD) [26,27].”
Background
Deep Learning Classification Based on Raw MRI Images
Moguilner, S., & Ibáñez, A. M. (2024) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4260-3_16 · Cited by 3
Trends of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias with Socioeconomic Insights: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis and Forecasts for 2046
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“Additionally, incidence rates demonstrate pronounced gender disparities, with women exhibiting higher overall rates than men, in ﬂ uenced by physiological factors, educational levels, and mental health risks [26, 27].”
Treating the most vulnerable: A discursive review of experimental pain in Alzheimer’s disease
Iversen, W. L., Cowan, R. L., Atalla, S., Englehart, S. S., Gure, T. R., Moss, K. O., Ryan, C., Scharre, D. W., Wright, K., & Monroe, T. B. (2021) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.922 · Cited by 3
Sex-dependent polygenic effects on the clinical progressions of Alzheimer’s diseasePreprint
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Interactive rather than independent effect of APOE and sex potentiates tau deposition in women
Wang, Y., Pascoal, T. A., Therriault, J., Kang, M.-S., Benedet, A. L., Savard, M., Tissot, C., Lussier, F. Z., Arias, J. F., Mathotaarachchi, S. S., et al. (2023) · doi:10.32920/24438049.v1 · Cited by 3
Vitamin D and cognition: Demographic disparities in memory recall and word intrusion in a multiethnic cohort
López-Alvarenga, J. C., Omaña‐Guzmán, I., Rosas‐Carrasco, Ó., Cavazos, J. E., Mahaney, M. C., & Maestre, G. E. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251344604 · Cited by 2
The mediating role of inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as vascular-related factors, in the association between air pollution and dementia or related cognitive outcomes: A systematic review
Zhou, A., Wu, Z., Cribb, L., Phyo, A. Z. Z., Vishwanath, S., Zhou, Z., & Ryan, J. L. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251361862 · Cited by 4
“7 Secondly, considering that brain development and function vary between sexes, 69 and that women are disproportionately affected by AD and other dementias, 70 it is important to explore sex-speci ﬁ c differences in how air pollution in ﬂ uences dementia and cognitive processes.”
Prevalence of Possible Dementia in Patients with Maxillofacial Defects and Difficulty of Inserting Obturator in Maxillectomy Patients: Toward Better Provision of Supportive Care
Yu, H., Fujita, H., Akiyama, M., Sumita, Y. I., & Wakabayashi, N. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12072722 · Cited by 2
“This result is different from a previous study that found women are more likely to develop dementia [16].”
BackgroundResult
Relationship between mortality and vitality in patients with mild cognitive impairment/dementia: An 8‐year retrospective study
Kuroda, Y., Sugimoto, T., Satoh, K., Nakagawa, T., Saito, T., Noguchi, T., Komatsu, A., Uchida, K., Fujita, K., Ono, R., et al. (2024) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.14794 · Cited by 2
“26,27 The inclusion of education re ﬂ ected its possible protective role against dementia.”
Background
Sex-dependent nonlinear Granger connectivity patterns of brain aging in healthy population
Fu, Y., Xue, L., Niu, M., Gao, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, H., Tian, M., & Zhuo, C. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111088 · Cited by 2
Effect of estradiol with or without micronized progesterone on cholinergic-related cognitive performance in postmenopausal women
Conley, A. C., Vega, J. N., Johnson, J. V., Dumas, J. A., & NEWHOUSE, P. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1428675 · Cited by 2
“Women are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) than men (Mazure and Swendsen, 2016; Koran et al., 2017; Mosconi et al., 2017; Ferretti et al., 2018; Laws et al., 2018; Oveisgharan et al., 2018).”
Background
The Role of Sex and Sex Steroids in the Novel Object Recognition Task
McCarthy, M., Kusljic, S., & Gogos, A. (2018) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812012-5.00033-1 · Cited by 2
Hippocampal T2 signal loss and decreased radial arm maze performance in transgenic murine model for AD
Adhikari, R., Steed, K. S., Hutchinson, B., Wang, H., Mendoza, M., Staudte, R., Atmojo, M., Cox, P., Hancock, T., Barkdull, K., et al. (2020) · Brain and Nerves · doi:10.15761/jbn.1000127 · Cited by 2
“While most sources would state that there is roughly a 3:2 disparity between women and men with AD, some sources say that the difference only appears in the higher age groups of AD patients [52-54] When looking specifically at visuospatial memory tasks, men routinely perform better than women with or without AD [55].”
Background
Specific olfactory deficit patterns observed in seniors and associated with cognitive decline
Camara, G., Alotaibi, M. M., Lessard‐Beaudoin, M., Busch, K., Gendron, L., & Graham, R. K. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110775 · Cited by 2
Grant Report on PREDICT-ADFTD: Multimodal Imaging Prediction of AD/FTD and Differential Diagnosis
Wang, L., Heywood, A. A., Stocks, J. K., Bae, J., Ma, D., Popuri, K., Toga, A. W., Kantarci, K., Laurent Younes, B., Mackenzie, I. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20190017 · Cited by 3
“To this aim, we set out to gain a more detailed picture of how the brains of males and females differ, given the known discrepancy in the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders between the sexes [56].”
Background
The influence of reproductive stage on cerebellar network connectivity across adulthoodPreprint
Ballard, H. K., Jackson, T. B., Hicks, T. H., & Bernard, J. A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.06.462014 · Cited by 2
“Thus, given the increased incidence and symptomology of AD in females (Carter et al., 2012; Mazure and Swendsen, 2016), this finding could be particularly important for understanding sex differences in AD and other dementias.”
Background
An atlas of trait associations with resting-state and task-evoked human brain functional architectures in the UK BiobankPreprint
Zhao, B., Li, T., Li, Y., Fan, Z., Xiong, D., Wang, X., Gao, M., Smith, S. M., & Hongtu Zhu, B. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.22271371 · Cited by 2
Editorial: The impact of age-related changes in brain network organization and sleep on memory
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“It is important to note that the prevalence of dementia is higher in women than in men and this is not only due to increased longevity (Mazure and Swendsen, 2016).”
Background
Dementia and Cognitive Impairment
Chong, Y. F. V., & Tang, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99967-0.00134-4 · Cited by 2
Cognitive resilience to Alzheimer’s disease in mice depends on gene-diet interactionsPreprint
Dunn, A. R., Kaur, H., Dai, Y., Charland, K., Ouellette, A. R., Hadad, N., Doyle, P. H., Acosta, G., LITKOWSKI, E. M., Hohman, T. J., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637137 · Cited by 2
Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of Alzheimer's disease middle temporal gyrus reveals region, cell type, and sex specificity of gene expression with novel genetic risk for MERTK in female
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“Although sex differences in the risk of AD, vulnerability to genetic load and severity of AD pathology burden have been established, 5,11,12 the underlying mechanisms and molecular pathways that are differentially mediated in female and male AD brains remain poorly understood.”
Associations of Genetic Susceptibility to Alzheimer’s Disease with Adiposity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Children in a 2-Year Follow-up Study
Haapala, E. A., Paananen, J., Hiltunen, M. O., & Lakka, T. A. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180216 · Cited by 1
“Wecarriedouttheseanalysesinboysandgirls separately, because AD is known to be more prevalent in women than in men [28].”
Physical activity complexity, cognition, and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Cai, Y., Zhou, J., Scott, P. W., Tian, Q., Wanigatunga, A. A., Lipsitz, L. A., Simonsick, E. M., Resnick, S. M., Ferrucci, L., Ren, D., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.70077 · Cited by 4

Authors: Mazure, C. M., & Swendsen, J.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Université de Bordeaux (FR)
Corresponding author: Mazure, Carolyn M
ORCID: Mazure, Carolyn M
Swendsen, Joel
Venue: The Lancet Neurology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-04
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Pages: 451-452
ISSN: 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00067-3
PMC: PMC4864429
OpenAlex: W2297715268
Cited by: 350
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 3
FWCI: 28.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA033945)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, dementia, sex differences, sex differences in dementia, dementia costs, population aging, dementia prevention, dementia treatment
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Humans, Biomedical Research

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