Evolving Knowledge of Sex Differences in Brain Structure, Function, and Chemistry

Cosgrove, Kelly P.; Mazure, Carolyn M.; Staley, Julie K.

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001

Cited by 996Sex and Gender in HealthcareNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesSexual Differentiation and Disorders

Evolving Knowledge of Sex Differences in Brain Structure, Function, and Chemistry

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Cosgrove, Kelly P., Mazure, Carolyn M., Staley, Julie K.·2007·Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001PMC PMC2711771

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Abstract

Clinical and epidemiologic evidence demonstrates sex differences in the prevalence and course of various psychiatric disorders. Understanding sex-specific brain differences in healthy individuals is a critical first step toward understanding sex-specific expression of psychiatric disorders. Here, we evaluate evidence on sex differences in brain structure, chemistry, and function using imaging methodologies, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in mentally healthy individuals. MEDLINE searches of English-language literature (1980-November 2006) using the terms sex, gender, PET, SPECT, MRI, fMRI, morphometry, neurochemistry, and neurotransmission were performed to extract relevant sources. The literature suggests that while there are many similarities in brain structure, function, and neurotransmission in healthy men and women, there are important differences that distinguish the male from the female brain. Overall, brain volume is greater in men than women; yet, when controlling for total volume, women have a higher percentage of gray matter and men a higher percentage of white matter. Regional volume differences are less consistent. Global cerebral blood flow is higher in women than in men. Sex-specific differences in dopaminergic, serotonergic, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic markers indicate that male and female brains are neurochemically distinct. Insight into the etiology of sex differences in the normal living human brain provides an important foundation to delineate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders and to guide the development of sex-specific treatments for these devastating brain disorders.

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Sex‐specific brain alterations have also been reported in obesity and ELA studies.
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Authors: Cosgrove, K. P., Mazure, C. M., & Staley, J. K.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Corresponding author: Cosgrove, Kelly P.
ORCID: Cosgrove, Kelly P.
Mazure, Carolyn M.
Venue: Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-10
Volume: 62
Issue: 8
Pages: 847-855
ISSN: 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001
PMC: PMC2711771
OpenAlex: W2149463687
Cited by: 996
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 5.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P50AA015632, P50-AA15632)
National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH014276)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (KO1DA020651, R01DA015577, K01DA020651)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Keywords: sex differences, brain structure, brain function, neurochemistry, gray matter, white matter, cerebral blood flow, dopaminergic system, serotonergic system, GABAergic system, neurotransmission, brain volume, sex-specific treatment
MeSH terms: Brain, Brain Chemistry, Female, Humans, Male, Menstrual Cycle, Receptors, Serotonin, Serotonin, Sex Characteristics, Gonadal Steroid Hormones

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Evolving Knowledge of Sex Differences in Brain Structure, Function, and Chemistry

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