Trends in incidence of youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the USA, 2002–18: results from the population-based SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study
Open accessAbstract
Background The incidence of diabetes is increasing in children and young people. We aimed to describe the incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and young people aged younger than 20 years over a 17-year period. Methods The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study identified children and young people aged 0-19 years with a physician diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes at five centres in the USA between 2002 and 2018. Eligible participants included non-military and non-institutionalised individuals who resided in one of the study areas at the time of diagnosis. The number of children and young people at risk of diabetes was obtained from the census or health plan member counts. Generalised autoregressive moving average models were used to examine trends, and data are presented as incidence of type 1 diabetes per 100 000 children and young people younger than 20 years and incidence of type 2 diabetes per 100 000 children and young people aged between 10 years and younger than 20 years across categories of age, sex, race or ethnicity, geographical region, and month or season of diagnosis. Findings We identified 18 169 children and young people aged 0-19 years with type 1 diabetes in 85 million person-years and 5293 children and young people aged 10-19 years with type 2 diabetes in 44 million person-years. In 2017-18, the annual incidence of type 1 diabetes was 22·2 per 100 000 and that of type 2 diabetes was 17·9 per 100 000. The model for trend captured both a linear effect and a moving-average effect, with a significant increasing (annual) linear effect for both type 1 diabetes (2·02% [95% CI 1·54-2·49]) and type 2 diabetes (5·31% [4·46-6·17]). Children and young people from racial and ethnic minority groups such as non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic children and young people had greater increases in incidence for both types of diabetes. Peak age at diagnosis was 10 years (95% CI 8-11) for type 1 diabetes and 16 years (16-17) for type 2 diabetes. Season was significant for type 1 diabetes (p=0·0062) and type 2 diabetes (p=0·0006), with a January peak in diagnoses of type 1 diabetes and an August peak in diagnoses of type 2 diabetes. Interpretation The increasing incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and young people in the USA will result in an expanding population of young adults at risk of developing early complications of diabetes whose health-care needs will exceed those of their peers. Findings regarding age and season of diagnosis will inform focused prevention efforts. Funding US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and US National Institutes of Health.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the last decade, the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents has increased dramatically, especially in certain high-risk racial, ethnic, and ancestral subgroups.
“In the last decade, the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents has increased dramatically, especially in certain high-risk racial, ethnic, and ancestral subgroups (115).”
From 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [115]
The Results report that youth type 2 diabetes incidence rose from 9.0 to 17.9 cases per 100,000 per year between 2002–03 and 2017–18, with the largest annual increases among Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Black youth. The Discussion says these findings give evidence for a rise in prevalence, but the paper does not establish a dramatic prevalence increase or show that prevalence rose especially in those subgroups. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2015-2016.
Hales, C. M., Carroll, M. D., Fryar, C. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2017) · PubMed · Cited by 3,889 · see citing works
Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002–2012
Mayer-Davis, E. J., Lawrence, J. M., Dabelea, D., Divers, J., Isom, S., Dolan, L., Imperatore, G., Linder, B., Marcovina, S., Pettitt, D. J., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1610187 · Cited by 1,476 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Children and Adolescents From 2001 to 2009
Dabelea, D., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Saydah, S., Imperatore, G., Linder, B., Divers, J., Bell, R., Badaru, A., Talton, J. W., Crume, T., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3201 · Cited by 1,412 · see citing works
Self-citationDabelea, D., Stafford, J. M., Mayer-Davis, E. J., D’Agostino, R., Dolan, L., Imperatore, G., Linder, B., Lawrence, J. M., Marcovina, S. M., Mottl, A. K., et al. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.0686 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Self-citationThe SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study: Rationale, Findings, and Future Directions
Hamman, R. F., Bell, R. A., Dabelea, D., D’Agostino, R. B., Dolan, L. M., Imperatore, G., Lawrence, J. M., Linder, B. L., Marcovina, S. M., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-0574 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Self-citationTrends in Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents in the US, 2001-2017.
Lawrence, J., Divers, J., Isom, S., Saydah, S., Imperatore, G., Pihoker, C., Marcovina, S., Mayer-Davis, E., Hamman, R., Dolan, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2021.11165 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterson, C., Harjutsalo, V., Rosenbauer, J., Neu, A., Cinek, O., Skrivarhaug, T., Rami-Merhar, B. M., Soltész, G., Svensson, J., Parslow, R. C., et al. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4763-3 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Generalized Autoregressive Moving Average Models
Benjamin, M. A., Rigby, R. A., & Stasinopoulos, D. (2003) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/016214503388619238 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Divers, J., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Lawrence, J. M., Isom, S. P., Dabelea, D., Dolan, L. M., Imperatore, G., Marcovina, S. M., Pettitt, D. J., Pihoker, C., et al. (2020) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6906a3 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Self-citationAlsaeed, A. H., Constantino, M., Molyneaux, L. M., D'Souza, M. I., Limacher-Gisler, F., Luo, C., Wu, T., Twigg, S. M., Yue, D. K., & Wong, J. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-0991 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
tscount : An R Package for Analysis of Count Time Series Following Generalized Linear Models
Liboschik, T., Fokianos, K., & Fried, R. (2017) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v082.i05 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Magliano, D. J., Chen, L., Islam, R. M., Carstensen, B., Gregg, E. W., Pavkov, M. E., Andes, L. J., Balicer, R. D., Baviera, M., Dam, E. B.-V., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30402-2 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Worldwide estimates of incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in 2021
Wu, H., Patterson, C., Zhang, X., Ghani, R. B. A., Magliano, D. J., Boyko, E. J., Ogle, G. D., & Luk, A. O. Y. (2022) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109785 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Continuing rise of Type 2 diabetes incidence in children and young people in the UK
Candler, T. P., Mahmoud, O., Lynn, R. M., Majbar, A., Barrett, T. G., & Hamilton-Shield, J. P. (2018) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13609 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Changing Patterns of Type 2 Diabetes Incidence Among Pima Indians
Pavkov, M. E., Hanson, R. L., Knowler, W. C., Bennett, P. H., Krakoff, J. A., & Nelson, R. G. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-2010 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Trends in Diabetes Incidence Among 7 Million Insured Adults, 2006–2011
Nichols, G. A., Schroeder, E. B., Karter, A. J., Gregg, E. W., DESAI, J. R., Lawrence, J. M., O’Connor, P. J., Xu, S., Newton, K. M., Raebel, M. A., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu255 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationDeardorff, J., Abrams, B. F., Ekwaru, J. P., & Rehkopf, D. H. (2014) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.07.002 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
New directions in incidence and prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in the USA
Benoit, S. R., HORA, I. A., Albright, A. L., & Gregg, E. W. (2019) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000657 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Update on Worldwide Trends in Occurrence of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes in 2020.
Tuomilehto, J. O., Ogle, G. D., Lund‐Blix, N. A., & Stene, L. C. (2020) · PubMed · doi:10.17458/per.vol17.2020.tol.epidemiologychildtype1diabetes · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Patterson, C., Gyürüs, É., Rosenbauer, J., Cinek, O., Neu, A., Schober, E., Parslow, R. C., Joner, G., Svensson, J., Castell, C., et al. (2014) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12227 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Haynes, A., Kalic, R. J., Cooper, M. N., Hewitt, J. K., & Davis, E. A. (2016) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja15.00958 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pediatric Chronic Diseases—Stealing Childhood
Zylke, J. W., & DeAngelis, C. D. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.24.2765 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Verlato, G., & Muggeo, M. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.6.759 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Local limit theorems for the maxima of discrete random variables
Anderson, C. W. N. (1980) · Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s0305004100057443 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lawrence, J. M., Reynolds, K., Saydah, S., Mottl, A. K., Pihoker, C., Dabelea, D., Dolan, L. M., Henkin, L. F., Liese, A. D., Isom, S. P., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-0728 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationAsymptotic analysis of extremes from autoregressive negative binomial processes
McCormick, W. P., & Park, Y. S. (1992) · Journal of Applied Probability · doi:10.1017/s0021900200043783 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Can Enteroviruses Cause Type 1 Diabetes?
Tauriainen, S., Salminen, K., & Hyöty, H. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1288.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Harvey, J. N., Hibbs, R., MAGUIRE, M. J., O'Connell, H., & Gregory, J. W. (2021) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108739 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Saydah, S., Imperatore, G., Henkin, L. F., D’Agostino, R., Divers, J., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Dabelea, D., KLINGENSMITH, G. J., Pihoker, C., & Lawrence, J. M. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-0157 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 30 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [13]Tuomilehto J, Ogle GD, Lund-Blix N, Stene LC. Epidemiology of childhood type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2020; 17(Suppl 1): 198– 209. 32208564
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Ebekozien, O., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s002 · Cited by 1,393 · see citing works
Martin, S. S., Aday, A. W., Allen, N. B., Almarzooq, Z., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P. K., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Bansal, N., Beaton, A., et al. (2025) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001303 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*, Bajaj, M., McCoy, R. G., Balapattabi, K., Bannuru, R. R., Bellini, N. J., Bennett, A. K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., ChallaSivaKanaka, S., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-s002 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Palaniappan, L. P., Allen, N. B., Almarzooq, Z., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P. K., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Bansal, N., Currie, M. E., Earlie, R. S., et al. (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001412 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Current insights and emerging trends in early-onset type 2 diabetes
Misra, S., Ke, C., Srinivasan, S., Goyal, A., Nyrienda, M. J., Florez, J. C., Khunti, K. K., Magliano, D. J., & Luk, A. O. Y. (2023) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00225-5 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
A call to action: the second Lancet Commission on adolescent health and wellbeing
Baird, S., Choonara, S., Azzopardi, P. S., Banati, P., Bessant, J., Biermann, O., Capon, A. G., Claeson, M., Collins, P. Y., Wet, N. D., et al. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00503-3 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
A novel machine learning approach for diagnosing diabetes with a self-explainable interface
Dharmarathne, G., Jayasinghe, T. N., Bogahawaththa, M., Meddage, D. P. P., & Rathnayake, U. (2024) · Healthcare Analytics · doi:10.1016/j.health.2024.100301 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Ejiyi, C. J., Qin, Z., Amos, J., Ejiyi, M. B., Nnani, A. O., Ejiyi, T. U., Agbesi, V. K., Diokpo, C., & Okpara, C. (2023) · Healthcare Analytics · doi:10.1016/j.health.2023.100166 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Moon, J. S., Kang, S., Choi, J. H., Lee, K. A., Moon, J. H., Chon, S., Kim, D. J., Kim, H. J., Seo, J. A., Kim, M. K., et al. (2024) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2024.0249 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Early-onset type 2 diabetes: the next major diabetes transition
Luk, A. O. Y., Wild, S. H., Jones, S., Anjana, R. M., Hivert, M., McCaffrey, J., Gregg, E. W., & Misra, S. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00830-x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Galárraga-Vinueza, M. E., Pagni, S. E., Finkelman, M., Schoenbaum, T. R., & Chambrone, L. (2025) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.24-0154 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Early-onset colorectal cancer as an emerging disease of metabolic dysregulation
Du, M., Drew, D. A., Goncalves, M. D., Cao, Y., & Chan, A. T. (2025) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01159-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Managing early-onset type 2 diabetes in the individual and at the population level
Misra, S., Khunti, K., Goyal, A., Gable, D. R., Armocida, B., Tandon, N., Sachdev, P., Wild, S. H., Hivert, M., & Beran, D. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01067-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gene-environment interaction in the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes
Mittal, R., Camick, N., Lemos, J. R. N., & Hirani, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1335435 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hannon, T. S., Chao, L. C., Pérez, M. B., Pamidipati, K. C., Landó, L. F., Lee, C. J., Patel, H., & Bergman, B. K. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01774-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Potential application of bee products in food industry: An exploratory review
Maicelo, J. L., Reyna-Gonzales, K., Balcázar-Zumaeta, C. R., Silva, E. A. A., Alayo, E. M. C., Medina-Mendoza, M., Cayo-Colca, I. S., Ramírez, Í. M., & Silva-Zuta, M. Z. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24056 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kang, S., Kang, S. M., Choi, J. H., Ko, S., Koo, B. K., Kwon, H.-S., Kim, M. K., Kim, S. Y., Kim, S., Kim, Y., et al. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2025.0469 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Xiu, W., Wang, X., Na, Z., Yu, S., Wang, J., Yang, M., & Ma, Y. (2023) · Ultrasonics Sonochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106683 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Serbis, A., Giapros, V. I., Tsamis, K. I., Balomenou, F., Galli‐Τsinopoulou, A., & Siomou, E. C. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15092217 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Incidence of Diabetes Among Youth Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Mefford, M. T., Wei, R. X., Lustigova, E., Martin, J. P., & Reynolds, K. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.34953 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Rise of Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: An Emerging Pandemic
Goyal, S., & Vanita, V. (2025) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.70029 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Leichter, S. B., Felton, J. L., Rasmussen, C. G., Rizzuto, P., Bellini, N. J., Ebekozien, O. A., & Schulman‐Rosenbaum, R. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf194 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Crandall, J. P., Dabelea, D., Knowler, W. C., Nathan, D. M., Temprosa, M., DPP Research Group, Bray, G. A., Gadde, K. M., Culbert, I. W., Arceneaux, J., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-0014 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationMagliano, D. J., Chen, L., Morton, J. I., Salim, A., Carstensen, B., Gregg, E. W., Pavkov, M. E., Arffman, M., Colhoun, H. M., Ha, K. H., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00243-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Xie, R., Fan, D., Fang, Y., Zhu, T., Li, H., Yin, Y., Liu, X., Ma, Y., Chen, F., & Zeng, W. (2025) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202405190 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nadeau, K. J., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Gubitosi‐Klug, R., Zeitler, P. S., Kahn, S. E., Dabelea, D., & SEARCH, T. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-0001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationLongitudinal Trends and Disparities in Diabetic Retinopathy Within an Aggregate Health Care Network
Markle, J. C., Shaia, J. K., Araich, H., Sharma, N., Talcott, K. E., & Singh, R. P. (2024) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2024.0046 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Metabolic disorders in young people around the world
Boddu, S. K., Giannini, C., & Marcovecchio, M. L. (2025) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-025-06450-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bone Fragility in Diabetes and its Management: A Narrative Review
Leungsuwan, D. S., & Chandran, M. (2024) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-024-02078-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sabarathinam, S., & Ganamurali, N. (2023) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2023.2252085 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Wang, R., Cheng, X., & Tao, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1362667 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Jacobsen, L. M., Felton, J. L., Nathan, B. M., Speake, C., Krischer, J. P., & Herold, K. C. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-2908 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Stahl‐Pehe, A., Bächle, C., Lanzinger, S., Urschitz, M. S., Reinauer, C., Kamrath, C., Holl, R. W., & Rosenbauer, J. (2024) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2024.101567 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Xu, L., Ran, J., Shao, H., Chen, M., Tang, H., Li, Y., Xu, Y., Huang, Y., Tao, F., Liu, Z., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-1699 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sivakumar, D. T., Murray, B., Moore, Z. E. H., Patton, D., O’Connor, T., & Avşar, P. (2024) · Journal of Tissue Viability · doi:10.1016/j.jtv.2024.06.018 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Yang, J., Deng, S., Zhao, H.-Y., Sun, F., Zou, X., Ji, L., & Zhan, S. (2024) · Health Data Science · doi:10.34133/hds.0210 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Xiao, Y., Hong, X., Neelagar, R., & Mo, H. (2025) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-024-09591-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mierzejewski, K., Kurzyńska, A., Golubska, M., Gałęcka, I., Całka, J., & Bogacka, I. (2025) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-025-11760-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Impact of Exercise Training in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: An Umbrella Review
Gracia‐Sánchez, A., López‐Pineda, A., Nouni-García, R., Zúnica‐García, S., Chicharro‐Luna, E., & Gil-Guillén, V. F. (2025) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-025-00863-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Venkatesh, G., Vennila, P., & Balasubramaniyan, S. (2024) · Chemical Physics Impact · doi:10.1016/j.chphi.2024.100498 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pramanik, S., Mondal, S., Palui, R., & Ray, S. (2024) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.91587 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Singh, A., Singh, K., Sharma, A., Kaur, U., Kaur, K., & Bedi, P. M. S. (2024) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202401109 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Diabetic management and infection risk in total ankle arthroplasty
Wu, K. A., Anastasio, A. T., Krez, A. N., O’Neill, C. N., Adams, S. B., DeOrio, J. K., Easley, M. E., & Nunley, J. A. (2024) · Foot and Ankle Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.fas.2024.04.008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Casagrande, S. S., & Lawrence, J. M. (2024) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004148 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationMajor adverse events in youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes: The SEARCH and TODAY studies
Mottl, A. K., Tryggestad, J. B., Isom, S. P., Gubitosi‐Klug, R., Henkin, L. F., White, N. H., D'Agostino, R., Hughan, K. S., Dolan, L. M., & Drews, K. L. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111606 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of race and ethnicity with the development of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes
Rayas, M. S., Mbogo, B., Kelly, A. T., Vu, P. T., Magaret, A., & Daley, T. C. (2024) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2024.07.018 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kamrath, C., Eckert, A. J., Lignitz, S., Hillenbrand, N., Dost, A., Warncke, K., Klose, D., Grohmann‐Held, K., Holl, R. W., & Rosenbauer, J. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-2026 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Divergence in prediabetes guidelines – A global perspective
Pragati, G., & Pozzilli, P. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112142 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Corpeleijn, W. E., de Waal, W. J., Schipper, H. S., & Wiegman, A. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-06041-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bloomgarden, Z. T., & Rapaport, R. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13382 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Is the Current Lifestyle Modification Approach to Diabetes Prevention in the U.S. a Success?
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Chakkalakal, R. J., & Ali, M. K. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci24-0040 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Trends in diabetes incidence in Austria 2013–2017
Kaleta, M., Leutner, M., Stefan Thurner, A., Endel, G., Kiss, N., Robausch, M., Klimek, P., & Kautzky‐Willer, A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35806-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Decoding the Significance of Alpha Cell Function in the Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes
Carroll, J., Chen, J. Z.-J., Mittal, R., Lemos, J. R. N., Mittal, M., Juneja, S., Assayed, A., & Hirani, K. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13221914 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Prediction Models for Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Review
Cvetićanin, L., & Arsenović, M. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15062906 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Young‐onset type 2 diabetes—Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management
Luk, A. O. Y., Wu, H., Fan, Y., Fan, B., Chun Kwan, O., & Chan, J. C.-N. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.70081 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
High rate of complications in a real-world cohort of youth with T2D: a multicenter analysis
Patel, D., SHAH, A. S., Magella, B., Bahrainian, M., Brown, E. A., Liu, T. Y. A., Shah, V. S., Channa, R., & Wolf, R. M. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2025.109091 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk Factors for Progression to Type 2 Diabetes in a Pediatric Prediabetes Clinic Population
Belsky, N. A., Tamaroff, J. G., & Shoemaker, A. H. (2023) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvad118 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Goulmamine, S., Chew, S., & Aninye, I. O. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21101339 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kim, S. E., Han, K., Cho, W. K., & Suh, B. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-1023 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kim, H. Y., Ji, E., & Kim, J. H. (2025) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2025.40.e241 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, Y., Costello, E. J., Rock, S., Patterson, W. B., Chen, Z., Gilliland, F. D., Goran, M. I., Alderete, T. L., Goodrich, J. A., Conti, D. V., et al. (2025) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-025-01036-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wu, W., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Huang, K., Chen, R., Maimaiti, M., Luo, J., Chen, S.-K., Wu, D., Zhu, M., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101206 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Poyil, N. J. T., Vadakkekuttical, R. J., & Radhakrishnan, C. (2024) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.686 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Shao, H., Thorpe, L. E., Islam, S., Bian, J., Guo, Y., Li, P., Bost, S., Dabelea, D., Conway, R., Crume, T., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-1972 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationSellers, E. A. C., McLeod, L., Prior, H. J., Drăgan, R., Wicklow, B. A., & Ruth, C. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111097 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Khan, D., Franks, S., Wang, Z., Miles, A., Hu, H., & Malin, A. J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020309 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zisman‐Ilani, Y., Rhee, C. M., Ammary, F. A., & Kalantar-Zadeh, K. (2025) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/mnh.0000000000001140 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Zhu, Z., Tang, G., & Xu, H. (2023) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdad104 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chuang, S.-T., Alcazar, O., Watts, B. M., Abdulreda, M. H., & Buchwald, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1484425 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Diabetes Complications in the U.S.: Following the Data to Guide Comprehensive Action
Patel, S. A. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci24-0026 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lin, C.-Y., An, H.-H., Lin, J., Cao, Y., & YANG, Z. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1466428 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Molecular and Inflammatory Etiologies of β-Cell Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes
Rostron, C. R., & Evans‐Molina, C. (2025) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00008.2025 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Adipose Tissue as a Target for Precision Medicine Approaches in Childhood Obesity
Cartwright, B. R., & Scherer, P. E. (2025) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/dbi24-0044 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Social Determinants of Health Screening in Type 1 Diabetes Management
Jones, N. Y., Cole, I., Hart, K. J., Corathers, S. D., Agarwal, S., Odugbesan, O., Ebekozien, O. A., Kamboj, M. K., Harris, M. A., Fantasia, K. L., et al. (2023) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2023.09.006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Straton, E., Bryant, B. L., Kang, L., Wang, C., Barber, J. R., PERKINS, A. G., GALLANT, L., Marks, B. E., Agarwal, S., Majidi, S., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107493 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Insulin Dynamics and Pathophysiology in Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes
Abu-Nejem, R., & Hannon, T. S. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae463 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Extracellular Matrix Promotes Diabetic Oral Wound Healing by Modulating the Microenvironment
Wang, Z., Wang, L., Wang, S., Chen, H., Wang, D., Li, A., Huang, Y., Pu, Y., Xiong, X., Lui, X., et al. (2025) · Biomaterials Research · doi:10.34133/bmr.0169 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Xie, R., Li, T., Gao, H., Xie, C., Yuan, H., & Feng, Z. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16384 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kesharwani, A., Sree, B. K., Singh, N., Gajbhiye, R. L., Murti, K., Peraman, R., Pandey, K., Limoli, C. L., Velayutham, R., & Parihar, V. K. (2025) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.5c00046 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Huang, J., Zheng, J., Pan, X., Qiao, J., Wang, Y., & Shan, P. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112349 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Increasing incidence of early-onset type 2 diabetes in Sweden 2006–2021
Carlsson, S., Andersson, T., Jansson, S. P. O., Nyström, T., Rolandsson, O., & Wei, Y. (2025) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaf114 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Treatment With Canagliflozin Versus Placebo in Children and Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes
Nadgir, U. M., Ali, S. R., Gogate, J. P., Shaw, W. C., Antunes, J., & Fonseca, S. (2025) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/annals-24-04017 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wood, A. C. H., & Pratt, K. J. (2023) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000001307 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bransteter, I., McVoy, M. K., Miller, D. W., Gubitosi‐Klug, R., Segall, T. L., Divan, M. K., Surdam, J., Sajatovic, M., & Dusek, J. A. (2024) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2024.01.005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Clinical Features and HLA Genetics Differ in Children at Type 1 Diabetes Onset by Hispanic Ethnicity
Karakus, K. E., Fleury, T., Baschal, E. E., McDaniel, K. A., Choi, H., Armstrong, T., Yu, L., Simmons, K. M., & Michels, A. W. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae608 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wright, E. E., Shah, V. N., Miller, E. M., Thach, A., Javadi, P., Davies, S., & Sieradzan, R. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6020013 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Saedi, S., Tan, Y., Watson, S. E., Sparks, J. D., Wintergerst, K. A., & Cai, L. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00673.2024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ude, A. O., Dixon, S. A., Glaros, S. B., Arboine, S.-A., Terry, N. L., de Baca, T. C., & Chung, S. T. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22956-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Making America Healthy Again: Remedies for Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s Campaign against Chronic Disease
Gostin, L. O., Finch, A., & Lurie, P. G. (2025) · The Hastings Center Report · doi:10.1002/hast.5020 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Diabetes im Kindes- und Jugendalter: Prävalenz und Inzidenz in Deutschland
Stahl‐Pehe, A., Holl, R. W., & Rosenbauer, J. (2025) · Kinder- und Jugendmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-2504-5477 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Deng, L., Lu, S., Zeng, J., & Liu, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1626225 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
You, Y., Ablitip, A., Lin, Y., Tang, M., Qian, W., Zhang, D., Tong, Y., Ding, H., Chen, K., Liu, J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1437452 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Diabetic Retinopathy in Youths—A Potentially Unappreciated Public Health Catastrophe
Rosenthal, J. M., Sun, J. K., & Wolf, R. M. (2024) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2024.3877 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Longitudinal study on metabolic abnormalities and diabetes risk in normal-weight japanese adults
Huang, C., Gao, Z., Zhang, Y., & Li, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1445934 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Review of Monogenic Diabetes: Clinical Features and Precision Medicine in Genetic Forms of Diabetes
Cobry, E. C., & Steck, A. K. (2025) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2024.0602 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kim, H. Y., & Kim, J. (2025) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/cep.2025.01522 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and metabolic disease risk in youth
Xie, Q. Y., Hamilton, J. K., & Danska, J. S. (2026) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102571 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
MXene‐Based Functional Platforms for Diabetes Prevention and Treatment
Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Liu, J., & Liu, X. (2026) · Carbon Neutralization · doi:10.1002/cnl2.70130 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Social and Structural Determinants of Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes
MENSAH, P. A., VALDEZ, K., Gyawali, A., & Snell‐Bergeon, J. K. (2024) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-024-01541-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fou, L., Agwu, J. C., Aswani, N., Bakhai, C., & Gevers, E. F. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.p1686 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wagenknecht, L. E., Lawrence, J. M., Isom, S., Jensen, E. T., Dabelea, D., Liese, A. D., Dolan, L. M., Shah, A. S., Bellatorre, A., Sauder, K., Marcovina, S., Reynolds, K., Pihoker, C., Imperatore, G., & Divers, J.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Medpace (United States) (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 242-250
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10091237
- OpenAlex
- W4322603974
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 17
- FWCI
- 43.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 173 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1U18DP006131, U18DP006133, U18DP006134, U18DP006136, U18DP006138, U18DP006139)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, youth-onset diabetes, incidence trends, children and young people, SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth, racial and ethnic disparities, age at diagnosis, sex differences, non-Hispanic Black youth, Latino youth, diabetes risk factors, physical inactivity, family history of diabetes, environmental risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Ethnicity, Humans, Infant, Minority Groups, United States, Incidence, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
