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ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood behavioural disorder. Systematic reviews indicate that the community prevalence globally is between 2% and 7%, with an average of around 5%. At least a further 5% of children have substantial difficulties with overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that are just under the threshold to meet full diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Estimates of the administrative prevalence (clinically diagnosed or recorded) vary worldwide, and have been increasing over time. However, ADHD is still relatively under-recognised and underdiagnosed in most countries, particularly in girls and older children. ADHD often persists into adulthood and is a risk factor for other mental health disorders and negative outcomes, including educational underachievement, difficulties with employment and relationships, and criminality. The timely recognition and treatment of children with ADHD-type difficulties provides an opportunity to improve long-term outcomes. This Review includes a systematic review of the community and administrative prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents, an overview of barriers to accessing care, a description of associated costs, and a discussion of evidence-based pathways for the delivery of clinical care, including a focus on key issues for two specific age groups-younger children (aged ≤6 years) and adolescents requiring transition of care from child to adult services.
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“The prevalence of ADHD in children has been estimated to be between 2 and 7% in previous research [75].”
From The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sayal, K., Prasad, V., Daley, D., Ford, T., & Coghill, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sayal, Kapil
- Venue
- The Lancet Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 175-186
- ISSN
- 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2614669943
- Cited by
- 1,223
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 131 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 207 · 2023: 234 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 22
- FWCI
- 7.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
- Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2016-17-007, DRF-2011-04-116)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD prevalence, underdiagnosis, barriers to care, care pathways, service delivery, transition to adult care, adolescents, young children, overactivity, inattention, impulsivity, psychiatric comorbidity, educational underachievement
- MeSH terms
- Problem Behavior, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Delivery of Health Care, United Kingdom, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Sex Factors, Prevalence, Transition to Adult Care
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