CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 429

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Revised Speech Learning Model (SLM-r)

Flege, James Emil, Bohn, Ocke-Schwen·2021·Second Language Speech Learning
DOI 10.1017/9781108886901.002
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Here we present the revised Speech Learning Model (SLM-r), an individual differences model that aims to account for how phonetic systems reorganize over the life-span in response to the phonetic input received during naturalistic second language (L2) learning. We first review research leading to the formulation of the Speech Learning Model, or SLM, before presenting a synthesis of that model and then its revision. The SLM-r proposes that the mechanisms and processes needed for native language (L1) acquisition remain accessible for use in L2 learning, without change or exception, across the life-span. By hypothesis, the formation or nonformation of new phonetic categories for L2 sounds will depend on the precision of L1 categories at the time L2 learning begins, the perceived phonetic dissimilarity of an L2 sound from the closest L1 sound, and the quantity and quality of L2 input that has been received. According to the SLM-r, the phonetic categories making up the L1 and L2 phonetic subsystems interact with one another dynamically and are updated whenever the statistical properties of the input distributions defining L1, L2, and composite L1-L2 categories (diaphones) change.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/9781108886901.002

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 7 references

Research works printed but not linked: 243

  1. Johnson, 2000, Adaptive dispersion in vowel perception, Phonetica, 57, 181, 10.1159/000028471 · DOI
  2. Eilers, 1976, The role of speech discrimination in developmental sound substitutions, Journal of Child Language, 3, 319, 10.1017/S0305000900007212 · DOI
  3. Flege, 1999, Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Phonetics Sciences
  4. Flege, 1987, The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification, Journal of Phonetics, 15, 47, 10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30537-6 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Thorin, 2018, Perception and production in interaction during non-native speech category learning, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 144, 92, 10.1121/1.5044415 · DOI
  6. Reiterer, 2013, Are you a good mimic? Neuro-acoustic signatures for speech imitation ability, Frontiers in Psychology, 1
  7. Allen, 2004, Listener sensitivity to individual differences in voice-onset-time: Individual talker differences in voice-onset-time, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 115, 3171, 10.1121/1.1701898 · DOI
  8. Chandrasekaran, 2010, Individual variability in cue-weighting and lexical tone learning, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128, 456, 10.1121/1.3445785 · DOI
  9. Lado, 1957, Linguistics across cultures: Applied linguistics for language teachers
  10. Strange, 1992, Speech perception, production, and linguistic structure, 197
  11. Best, 1995, Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research, 107
  12. Bohn, 1993, Perceptual switching in Spanish/English bilinguals, Journal of Phonetics, 21, 267, 10.1016/S0095-4470(19)31339-7 · DOI
  13. Smits, 2006, Categorization of sounds, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 733
  14. Flege, 2019, The role of input in native Spanish late learners’ production and perception of English phonetic segments, Journal of Second Language Studies, 2, 1, 10.1075/jsls.00004.fle · DOI
  15. Clayards, 2018, Differences in cue weights for speech perception are correlated for individuals within and across contrasts, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 144, 10.1121/1.5052025 · DOI
  16. Westbury, 1998, Differences among speakers in lingual articulation for American English /r/, Speech Communication, 26, 203, 10.1016/S0167-6393(98)00058-2 · DOI
  17. Grosjean, 2001, One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing
  18. Guenther, 1998, A theoretical investigation of reference frames for the planning of speech movements, Psychological Review, 105, 611, 10.1037/0033-295X.105.4.611-633 · DOI
  19. Bosch, 2011, Variability in vowel production by bilingual speakers: Can input properties hinder the early stabilization of contrastive categories?, Journal of Phonetics, 39, 514, 10.1016/j.wocn.2011.02.001 · DOI
  20. Kharlamov, 2014, Incomplete neutralization of the voicing contrast in word-final obstruents in Russian: Phonological, lexical, and methodological in influences, Journal of Phonetics, 43, 47, 10.1016/j.wocn.2014.02.002 · DOI
  21. Anderson, 2003, A statistical basis for speech sound discrimination, Language and Speech, 46, 155, 10.1177/00238309030460020601 · DOI
  22. Kuhl, 2008, Phonetic learning as a pathway to language: new data native language magnet theory expanded (NLM-e), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, 979, 10.1098/rstb.2007.2154 · DOI · Paper page
  23. 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00096 · DOI
  24. 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00020-X · DOI
  25. Kuhl, 2005, Early speech perception and later language development: Implications for the “critical period., Language Learning and Development, 1, 237, 10.1207/s15473341lld0103&4_2 · DOI
  26. Flege, 1994, The word unit in second language speech production and perception, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16, 381, 10.1017/S0272263100013437 · DOI
  27. Werker, 2008, Bilingualism in infancy: First steps in perception and comprehension, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 144, 10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.008 · DOI
  28. Escudero, 2014, The effect of vowel inventory and acoustic properties in Salento Italian learners of Southern British English vowels, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 135, 1577, 10.1121/1.4864477 · DOI
  29. Houde, 1998, Sensorimotor adaptation in speech production, Science, 279, 1213, 10.1126/science.279.5354.1213 · DOI
  30. 10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00157-3 · DOI · Paper page
  31. 10.1016/j.wocn.2012.05.001 · DOI
  32. 10.1075/cilt.335.02mor · DOI
  33. Moyer, 2009, Input matters in SLA, 159
  34. 10.1044/jshd.5504.779 · DOI
  35. Kraljic, 2006, Generalization in perceptual learning for speech, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 13, 262, 10.3758/BF03193841 · DOI
  36. Galbraith, 2000, Individual differences in autonomic activity affects brainstem auditory frequency-following response amplitude in humans, Neuroscience Letters, 283, 201, 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00946-0 · DOI
  37. Díaz, 2012, Individual differences in late bilinguals’ L2 phonological processes: From acoustic-phonetic to lexical access, Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 680, 10.1016/j.lindif.2012.05.005 · DOI
  38. 10.1044/1092-4388(2002/023) · DOI
  39. Remez, 1997, Talker identification based on phonetic information, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Perception and Performance, 23, 651, 10.1037/0096-1523.23.3.651 · DOI
  40. Smith, 1979, A phonetic analysis of consonantal devoicing in children’s speech, Journal of Child Language, 6, 19, 10.1017/S0305000900007595 · DOI
  41. Flege, 1995, Effects of age of second-language learning on the production of English consonants, Speech Communication, 16, 1, 10.1016/0167-6393(94)00044-B · DOI
  42. 10.1016/j.wocn.2015.07.003 · DOI
  43. Chládkova, 2011, Native dialect matters: Perceptual assimilation of Dutch vowels by Czech listeners, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 130, 10.1121/1.3629135 · DOI
  44. Evans, 2015, Hierarchical organization of auditory and motor representations in speech perception: Evidence from searchlight similarity analysis, Cerebral Cortex, 25, 4772, 10.1093/cercor/bhv136 · DOI · Paper page
  45. Bloomfield, 1933, Language
  46. Flege, 2003, Interaction between the native and second language phonetic systems, Speech Communication, 40, 467, 10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00128-0 · DOI
  47. Gupta, 1999, The emergence of language, 447
  48. Bohn, 2002, An integrated view of language development: Papers in honor of Henning Wode, 191
  49. Bundgaard-Nielsen, 2011, Vocabulary size is associated with second-language vowel perception performance in adult learners, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33, 433, 10.1017/S0272263111000040 · DOI
  50. Allen, 2003, Individual talker differences in voice-onset-time, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 113, 544, 10.1121/1.1528172 · DOI
  51. Markham, 1999, Phonetic imitation, accent, and the learner
  52. Holt, 2006, Cue weighting in auditory categorization: Implications for first and second language acquisition, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119, 3059, 10.1121/1.2188377 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Lee, 1999, Acoustics of children’s speech: Developmental changes of temporal and spectral parameters, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105, 1455, 10.1121/1.426686 · DOI
  54. Flege, 1986, Linguistic and developmental effects on the production and perception of stop consonants, Phonetica, 43, 155, 10.1159/000261768 · DOI
  55. Flege, 1995, Japanese adults can learn to produce English /I/ and /l/ accurately, Language and Speech, 38, 25, 10.1177/002383099503800102 · DOI · Paper page
  56. Stevens, 1969, Cross-language study of vowel perception, Language and Speech, 12, 1, 10.1177/002383096901200101 · DOI
  57. Pisoni, 1994, The development of speech perception: The transition from speech sounds to spoken words, 121
  58. Hazan, 2000, The development of phonemic categorization in children aged 6–12, Journal of Phonetics, 28, 377, 10.1006/jpho.2000.0121 · DOI
  59. Polka, 2003, Asymmetries in vowel perception, Speech Communication, 41, 221, 10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00105-X · DOI
  60. Imai, 2005, Lexical frequency and neighborhood density effects on the recognition of native and Spanish-accented words by native and Spanish listeners, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117, 896, 10.1121/1.1823291 · DOI
  61. Benders, 2012, The interrelation between acoustic context effects and available response categories in speech sound categorization, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 131, 3079, 10.1121/1.3688512 · DOI
  62. Flege, 1981, Cross-language phonetic interference: Arabic to English, Language and Speech, 24, 125, 10.1177/002383098102400202 · DOI
  63. Idemaru, 2011, Word recognition reflects dimension-based statistical learning, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37, 1939
  64. Gottfried, 1984, Effects of consonant context on the perception of French vowels, Journal of Phonetics, 12, 91, 10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30858-7 · DOI
  65. Kartushina, N. , & Frauenfelder, U. H. (2013). On the role of L1 speech production in L2 perception: Evidence from Spanish learners of French. Paper presented at Interspeech 2013, Lyon, France. · DOI
  66. Mora, J. C. , Keidel, J. L. , & Flege, J. E. (2010). Why are the Catalan contrasts between /e/-/ε/ and /o/-/ɔ/ so difficult for even early Spanish-Catalan bilinguals to perceive? In Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, K , Wrembel, M , & Jul, M (Eds.), New sounds 2010: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech (pp. 325–330).
  67. Peperkamp, S. , & Bouchon, C. (2011). The relation between perception and production in L2 phonological processing. Paper presented at Interspeech 2011, 12th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Florence, Italy. · DOI
  68. Aslin, 2014, Phonetic category learning and its influence on speech production, Ecological Psychology, 26, 4, 10.1080/10407413.2014.874839 · DOI
  69. Kluender, 1998, Role of experience for language-specific functional mappings of vowel sounds, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 104, 3568, 10.1121/1.423939 · DOI
  70. Hockett, 1958, A course in modern linguistics, 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1958.tb00870.x · DOI
  71. Kuhl, 1983, Perception of auditory equivalence classes for speech in early infancy, Infant Behavioral Development, 6, 263, 10.1016/S0163-6383(83)80036-8 · DOI
  72. MacKay, 2001, The identification of English consonants by native speakers of Italian, Phonetica, 58, 103, 10.1159/000028490 · DOI
  73. Mora, 2019, A sound approach to language matters – In honor of Ocke-Schwen Bohn, 477
  74. Bent, 2018, Shhh … I need quiet! Children’s understanding of American, British, and Japanese-accented English speakers, Language and Speech, 61, 657, 10.1177/0023830918754598 · DOI
  75. Cheung, 2011, Evidence for a sensitive period for acculturation: Younger immigrants report acculturating at a faster rate, Psychological Science, 22, 147, 10.1177/0956797610394661 · DOI · Paper page
  76. Flege, 2019, A sound approach to language matters: In honor of Ocke-Schwen Bohn, 501
  77. 10.13140/RG.2.2.34539.80167 · DOI
  78. Tyler, 2019, A sound approach to language matters – In honor of Ocke-Schwen Bohn, 607
  79. 10.1159/000260025 · DOI
  80. Escudero, 2009, Native, non-native and L2 perceptual cue weighting for Dutch vowels: The case of Dutch, German, and Spanish listeners, Journal of Phonetics, 17, 452, 10.1016/j.wocn.2009.07.006 · DOI
  81. Golestani, 2016, Neuroimaging of phonetic perception in bilinguals, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19, 674, 10.1017/S1366728915000644 · DOI
  82. Callan, 2003, Phonetic perceptual identification by native- and second-language speakers differentially activates brain regions involved with acoustic phonetic processing and those involved with articulatory-auditory/orosensory internal models, NeuroImage, 22, 1182, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.006 · DOI
  83. Labov, 1994, Principles of linguistic change: Vol. 1. Internal factors
  84. Saito, 2019, Explicit and implicit aptitude effects on second language speech learning: Scrutinizing segmental and suprasegmental sensitivity and performance via behavioral and neurophysiological measures, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22, 1123, 10.1017/S1366728918000895 · DOI
  85. Perkell, 2004, The distinctness of speakers’ /s/-/ʃ/ contrast is related to their auditory discrimination and use of an articulatory saturation effect, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47, 1259, 10.1044/1092-4388(2004/095) · DOI
  86. Lengeris, A. (2009). Individual differences in second-language vowel learning. Unpublished PhD thesis, University College London.
  87. Strange, 2011, Automatic selective perception (ASP) of first and second language speech: A working model, Journal of Phonetics, 39, 456, 10.1016/j.wocn.2010.09.001 · DOI
  88. Perkell, 2004, The distinctness of speakers’ productions of vowel contrasts is related to their discrimination of the contrasts, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 116, 2338, 10.1121/1.1787524 · DOI
  89. Chodroff, 2017, Structure in talker-specific phonetic realization: Covariation of stop consonant VOT in American English, Journal of Phonetics, 61, 30, 10.1016/j.wocn.2017.01.001 · DOI
  90. Newton, 2015, Novel accent perception in typically-developing school-aged children, Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 32, 111, 10.1177/0265659015578464 · DOI
  91. Evans, 2004, Vowel normalization for accent: An investigation of best exemplar locations in norther and southern British English sentences, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 115, 352, 10.1121/1.1635413 · DOI
  92. Kong, 2013, L2 proficiency effect on the acoustic cue-weighting pattern by Korean L2 learners of English, Journal of the Korean Society of Speech Sciences, 5, 81, 10.13064/KSSS.2013.5.4.081 · DOI
  93. Morrongiello, 1984, Trading relations in the perception of speech by 5-year-old children, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 231, 10.1016/0022-0965(84)90002-X · DOI
  94. MacKay, 2006, Evaluating the effects of chronological age and sentence duration on degree of perceived foreign accent, Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 157, 10.1017/S0142716406060231 · DOI
  95. 10.1017/S0142716411000737 · DOI
  96. de Leeuw, 2019, Plasticity of native phonetic and phonological domains in the context of bilingualism, Journal of Phonetics, 75, 88, 10.1016/j.wocn.2019.05.003 · DOI
  97. Buckler, 2017, Input matters: Speed of word recognition in 2-year-olds exposed to multiple accents, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 164, 87, 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.06.017 · DOI
  98. Antetomaso, 2017, Proceedings of the 41st annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, 32
  99. Flege, 2001, The effect of experience on adults’ acquisition of a second language, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23, 527, 10.1017/S0272263101004041 · DOI
  100. Dmitrieva, 2015, Phonological status, not voice onset time, determines the acoustic realization of onset f0 as a secondary voicing cue in Spanish and English, Journal of Phonetics, 49, 77, 10.1016/j.wocn.2014.12.005 · DOI
  101. Lee, 2018, Effects of sound change on the weighting of acoustic cues to the three-way laryngeal stop contrast in Korean: Diachronic and dialectal comparisons, Language and Speech, 63, 509
  102. Kim, 2018, A longitudinal study of individual differences in the acquisition of new vowel contrasts, Journal of Phonetics, 67, 1, 10.1016/j.wocn.2017.11.003 · DOI
  103. 10.1080/21548331.1967.11707799 · DOI · Paper page
  104. Williams, 1977, The perception of stop consonant voicing by Spanish-English bilinguals, Perception and Psychophysics, 21, 289, 10.3758/BF03199477 · DOI
  105. 10.1075/lllt.17.08str · DOI
  106. Jongman, 2007, Language experience in second language learning: In honor of James Emil Flege, 135
  107. DiCanio, 2015, Vowel variability in elicited versus spontaneous speech: Evidence from Mixtec, Journal of Phonetics, 48, 45, 10.1016/j.wocn.2014.10.003 · DOI
  108. Newman, 2001, The perceptual consequences of within-talker variability in fricative production, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109, 1181, 10.1121/1.1348009 · DOI
  109. Levy, 2008, Perception of French vowels by American English adults with and without French language experience, Journal of Phonetics, 36, 141, 10.1016/j.wocn.2007.03.001 · DOI
  110. 10.1037/a0034245 · DOI
  111. Schertz, 2016, Individual differences in perceptual adaptability of foreign sound categories, Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 78, 355, 10.3758/s13414-015-0987-1 · DOI
  112. Walley, 1999, Effect of lexical status on children’s and adults’ perception of native and non-native vowels, Journal of Phonetics, 27, 307, 10.1006/jpho.1999.0098 · DOI
  113. Baker, 2008, Child-adult differences in second-language phonological learning: The role of cross-language similarity, Language and Speech, 51, 317, 10.1177/0023830908099068 · DOI
  114. 10.1111/cogs.12413 · DOI · Paper page
  115. Francis, 2002, Selective attention and the acquisition of new phonetic categories, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 349
  116. Shultz, 2012, Differential cue weighting in perception and production of consonant voicing, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 132, 10.1121/1.4736711 · DOI
  117. Bent, 2018, Development of unfamiliar accent comprehension continues through adolescence, Journal of Child Language, 45, 1400, 10.1017/S0305000918000053 · DOI
  118. Iverson, 2007, Learning English vowels with different first-language vowel systems: Perception of formant targets, formant movement, and duration, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 122, 2842, 10.1121/1.2783198 · DOI
  119. 10.2307/411832 · DOI
  120. 10.1017/S0272263100004563 · DOI
  121. Giannakopoulou, 2013, Enhanced plasticity in spoken language acquisition for child learners: Evidence from phonetic training studies in child and adult learners of English, Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 29, 201, 10.1177/0265659012467473 · DOI
  122. Markham, 2004, Acoustic-phonetic correlates of talker intelligibility for adults and children, Journal of the Acoustic Society of America, 116, 3108, 10.1121/1.1806826 · DOI
  123. 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.06.005 · DOI
  124. Flege, 1988, Factors affecting degree of perceived foreign accent in English sentences, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 84, 70, 10.1121/1.396876 · DOI
  125. Mochizuki, 1981, The identification of/r/and/l/in natural and synthesized speech, Journal of Phonetics, 9, 283, 10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30972-6 · DOI
  126. 10.2307/416697 · DOI
  127. 10.1353/lan.2016.0019 · DOI
  128. Baker, 2006, Perceptual paths to accurate production of L2 vowels: The role of individual differences, International Review of Applied Linguistics, 44, 231, 10.1515/IRAL.2006.010 · DOI
  129. Bradlow, 1999, Training Japanese listeners to identify English /r/and /l/: Long-term retention of learning in perception and production, Perception and Psychophysics, 61, 977, 10.3758/BF03206911 · DOI
  130. Mitterer, 2018, Allophones, not phonemes in spoken-word recognition, Journal of Memory and Language, 98, 77, 10.1016/j.jml.2017.09.005 · DOI
  131. Snow, 1979, Individual differences in second-language ability: A factor-analytic study, Language and Speech, 22, 151, 10.1177/002383097902200205 · DOI
  132. Kong, 2016, Individual differences in categorical perception of speech: Cue weighting and executive function, Journal of Phonetics, 59, 40, 10.1016/j.wocn.2016.08.006 · DOI · Paper page
  133. Mayr, 2010, Explaining individual variation in L2 perception: Rounded vowels in English learners of German, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 279, 10.1017/S1366728909990022 · DOI
  134. Flege, 1989, Native-language phonotactic constrains affect how well Chinese subjects perceive the word-final English /t/-/d/ contrast, Journal of Phonetics, 17, 299, 10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30446-2 · DOI
  135. Flege, 1995, Factors affecting strength of perceived foreign accent in a second language, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 3126, 10.1121/1.413041 · DOI
  136. Flege, 1992, Production of the word-final English /t/-/d/ contrast by native speakers of English, Mandarin, and Spanish, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 92, 128, 10.1121/1.404278 · DOI
  137. Holt, 2010, Speech perception as categorization, Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 72, 1218, 10.3758/APP.72.5.1218 · DOI
  138. Lev-Ari, 2013, Low inhibitory skill leads to non-native perception and production in bilinguals’ native language, Journal of Phonetics, 41, 320, 10.1016/j.wocn.2013.06.002 · DOI
  139. Kewley-Port, 2001, Vowel formant discrimination, II: Effects of stimulus uncertainty, consonantal context, and training, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110, 2141, 10.1121/1.1400737 · DOI
  140. 10.13064/KSSS.2012.4.3.031 · DOI
  141. Sheldon, 1982, The acquisition of/r/and/l/by Japanese learners of English: Evidence that speech production can precede speech perception, Applied Psycholinguistics, 3, 243, 10.1017/S0142716400001417 · DOI
  142. Idemaru, 2012, Individual differences in cue weights are stable across time: The case of Japanese stop lengths, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 132, 3950, 10.1121/1.4765076 · DOI
  143. Lengeris, 2010, The effect of native vowel processing ability and frequency discrimination acuity on the phonetic training of English vowels for native speakers of Greek, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128, 3757, 10.1121/1.3506351 · DOI
  144. Schmidtke, 2016, The bilingual disadvantage in speech understanding in noise is likely a frequency effect related to reduced language exposure, Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 7
  145. Bohn, 2009, Input matters in SLA, 207
  146. Bradlow, 2008, Perceptual adaptation to non-native speech, Cognition, 106, 707, 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.04.005 · DOI
  147. Bent, 2014, Children’s perception of foreign-accented words, Journal of Child Language, 41, 1334, 10.1017/S0305000913000457 · DOI
  148. Díaz, 2015, Variability in L2 phonemic learning originates from speech-specific capabilities: An MMN study on late bilinguals, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19, 955, 10.1017/S1366728915000450 · DOI
  149. Flege, 1998, Lexical factors and segmental accuracy in second language speech production, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 20, 155, 10.1017/S0272263198002034 · DOI
  150. Franken, 2017, Individual variability as a window on production-perception interactions in speech motor control, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 142, 2007, 10.1121/1.5006899 · DOI
  151. Escudero, 2012, Native dialect influences second-language vowel perception: Peruvian versus Iberian Spanish learners of Dutch, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 131, 412, 10.1121/1.3701708 · DOI
  152. Hazan, V. , & Kim, Y. H. (2010). Can we predict who will benefit from computer-based phonetic training? Paper presented at the Interspeech 2010, Satellite Workshop on “Second Language Studies: Acquisition, Learning, Education and Technology,” Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
  153. Flege, 2007, Laboratory phonology, 353
  154. Kleinschmidt, 2015, Robust speech perception: Recognize the familiar, generalize to the similar, and adapt to the novel, Psychological Review, 122, 148, 10.1037/a0038695 · DOI
  155. Levy, 2009, On the assimilation-discrimination relationship in American English adults’ French vowel learning, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126, 2670, 10.1121/1.3224715 · DOI
  156. Hillenbrand, 1995, Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 3099, 10.1121/1.411872 · DOI
  157. Nielsen, 2011, Specificity and abstractness of VOT imitation, Journal of Phonetics, 39, 132, 10.1016/j.wocn.2010.12.007 · DOI
  158. Weinreich, 1953, Languages in contact: Findings and problems
  159. 10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-19-0152 · DOI
  160. 10.1016/0378-5955(92)90114-3 · DOI
  161. Newman, 2003, Using links between speech perception and speech production to evaluate different acoustic metrics: A preliminary report, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 113, 2850, 10.1121/1.1567280 · DOI
  162. Flege, 1988, Imitation of a VOT continuum by native speakers of Spanish and English: Evidence for phonetic category formation, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 83, 729, 10.1121/1.396115 · DOI
  163. Nathan, 1998, Children’s comprehension of unfamiliar regional accents: A preliminary investigation, Journal of Child Language, 25, 343, 10.1017/S0305000998003444 · DOI
  164. Flege, 1995, Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issue in cross-language research, 229
  165. Flege, 1987, Production and perception of English stop consonants by native Spanish speakers, Journal of Phonetics, 15, 67, 10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30538-8 · DOI
  166. Flege, 1998, Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in English sentences, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 84, 70, 10.1121/1.396876 · DOI
  167. Iverson, 2009, Learning English vowels with different first-language vowel systems II: Auditory training for native Spanish and German speakers, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126, 866, 10.1121/1.3148196 · DOI
  168. DeKeyser, 2005, Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches, 88
  169. Nygaard, 1994, Speech perception as a talker-contingent process, Psychological Science, 5, 42, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00612.x · DOI
  170. Earle, 2015, Overnight consolidation promotes generalization across talkers in the identification of nonnative speech sounds, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 137, 10.1121/1.4903918 · DOI
  171. Magezi, 2015, Linear mixed-effects models for within-participant psychology experiments: an introductory tutorial and free graphical user interface (LMMgui), Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00002 · DOI
  172. Cebrian, 2006, Experience and the use of non-native duration in L2 vowel categorization, Journal of Phonetics, 34, 372, 10.1016/j.wocn.2005.08.003 · DOI
  173. Nosofsky, 1986, Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 39, 10.1037/0096-3445.115.1.39 · DOI
  174. Docherty, G. J. , Watt, D. , Llamas, C. , Hall, D. , & Nycz, J. (2011). Variation in voice onset time along the Scottish border. In Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 591–594).
  175. 10.1017/S136672899800025X · DOI
  176. Bohn, 2020, Approaches to the study of sound structure and speech: Interdisciplinary work in honour of Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, 171
  177. Hazan, 1991, Individual variability in the perception of cues to place variability in initial stops, Perception and Psychophysics, 49, 187, 10.3758/BF03205038 · DOI
  178. 10.1006/jpho.2002.0174 · DOI
  179. Idemaru, 2013, The developmental trajectory of children’s perception and production of English /r/-/l/, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133, 4232, 10.1121/1.4802905 · DOI
  180. Slevc, 2006, Individual differences in second-language proficiency, Psychological Science, 17, 675, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01765.x · DOI
  181. Garcia Lecumberri, 2011, Non-native speech perception in adverse conditions: A review, Speech Communication, 52, 864, 10.1016/j.specom.2010.08.014 · DOI
  182. Takagi, N. (1993). Perception of American English /r/ and /l/ by adult Japanese learners of English: A unified view. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California at Irvine.
  183. Kidd, 2007, Individual differences in auditory abilities, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 122, 418, 10.1121/1.2743154 · DOI
  184. Bohn, O. S. , & Steinlen, A. K. (2003). Consonantal context affects cross-language perception of vowels. In Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 2289–2292).
  185. Han, 2006, Studies of fossilization in second language acquisition
  186. McQueen, 2012, Lexical retuning of children’s speech perception: Evidence for knowledge about words’ component sounds, Language Learning and Development, 8, 317, 10.1080/15475441.2011.641887 · DOI
  187. MacKay, 2001, Category restructuring during second-language acquisition, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110, 516, 10.1121/1.1377287 · DOI
  188. 10.1121/1.3106131 · DOI
  189. Golestani, 2007, Brain structure predicts the learning of foreign speech sounds, Cerebral Cortex, 17, 575, 10.1093/cercor/bhk001 · DOI
  190. 10.3758/BF03211209 · DOI · Paper page
  191. Feldman, 2009, The influence of categories on perception: Explaining the perceptual magnet effect as optimal statistical inference, Psychological Review, 116, 752, 10.1037/a0017196 · DOI
  192. Jia, 2006, Perception and production of English vowels by Mandarin speakers: Age related differences vary with amount of exposure, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119, 1118, 10.1121/1.2151806 · DOI
  193. Iverson, 2005, Phonetic training with acoustic cue manipulations: A comparison of methods for teaching English/r/-/l/to Japanese adults, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118, 3267, 10.1121/1.2062307 · DOI
  194. Lindblom, 1990, Speech production and speech modeling, 403, 10.1007/978-94-009-2037-8_16 · DOI
  195. Clarke, C. , & Luce, P. (2005). Perceptual adaptation to speaker characteristics: VOT boundaries in stop voicing categorization. In Proceedings of the ISCA Workshop on Plasticity in Speech Perception (pp. 15–17).
  196. 10.1121/1.389538 · DOI
  197. Højen, 2006, Early learners’ discrimination of second-language vowels, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119, 3072, 10.1121/1.2184289 · DOI
  198. Francis, 2008, Cue-specific effects of categorization training on the relative weighting of acoustic cues to consonant voicing in English, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124, 1234, 10.1121/1.2945161 · DOI
  199. Kachlika, 2019, Successful second language learning is tied to robust domain-general auditory processing and stable neural representation of sound, Brain and Language, 192, 15, 10.1016/j.bandl.2019.02.004 · DOI
  200. Escudero, 2004, Bridging the gap between L2 speech perception research and phonological theory, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 551, 10.1017/S0272263104040021 · DOI

200 of 243 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 429

Metadata

Authors
Flege, J. E., & Bohn, O.-S.
Venue
Second Language Speech Learning
Publisher
Cambridge University Press
Published
2021-02-04
Pages
3-83
DOI
10.1017/9781108886901.002
Cited by
429
References
7
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review