The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Critic The limits of hot spots policing
Abstract
Introduction This author is a strong advocate of using sophisticated information technology and the latest research findings to guide decisionmaking in police organizations. Hence, this article begins with a brief acknowledgment of the potential benefits of hot spot policing in theory, followed by a serious critique. The thesis of this chapter is that, while the concept of hot spots policing is attractive, we should be disappointed in how scholars have narrowly defined it in theory and research and how police organizations have narrowly practiced it. This approach has failed to embody the fundamental principles of either problem-oriented policing or community policing, which many scholars believe represent the basic pillars of “good policing” in the twenty-first century. Acknowledging the benefits The concept of hot spots is indisputable as a criminological phenomenon and suggests the need for focused responses. From the very beginning of criminological inquiries in nineteenth century France, scholars noted that criminal activity is not randomly distributed, but rather varies by geographic area such as regions, states, and communities (see Eck and Weisburd 1995). More recent micro-level analyses have focused on sizable variations between and within urban neighborhoods. Hence, a sensible policy implication is to recommend the concentration of more resources in these high-crime areas, including police resources (Sherman, Gottfredson, MacKenzie et al . 1997). The most important question, however, is not whether we should assign more resources to problem areas, but rather, what resources should be deployed and how should they be deployed?
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“However, there is at the same time strong concern that proactive policing at crime hot spots may lead to increased police abuses and negative community evaluations of the police (7, 8).”
From Reforming the police through procedural justice training: A multicity randomized trial at crime hot spots (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
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Cited by
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The Effects of Hot Spots Policing on Crime: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2012) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.673632 · Cited by 727
“Rosenbaum (2006) and Tonry (2011) raise concerns that any crime control benefits generated by hot spots policing programs could be offset by overly aggressive and indiscriminate police enforcement efforts at hot spots that can result in negative consequences for police-community relationships and…”
BackgroundAlgorithmic Prediction in Policing: Assumptions, Evaluation, and Accountability
Moses, L. B., & Chan, J. B. L. (2016) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2016.1253695 · Cited by 453
Weisburd, D. L., Morris, N. A., & Groff, E. R. (2009) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-009-9075-9 · Cited by 296
“Rosenbaum (2006) points out there may be unintended and negative consequences of hot spots policing.”
BackgroundHot spots policing of small geographic areas effects on crime
Braga, A. A., Turchan, B., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2019) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.1002/cl2.1046 · Cited by 260
Hinkle, J. C., & Weisburd, D. (2008) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.09.010 · Cited by 230
A randomized controlled trial of different policing strategies at hot spots of violent crime
Taylor, B., Koper, C. S., & Woods, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-010-9120-6 · Cited by 240
Weisburd, D. L., & Telep, C. W. (2014) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986214525083 · Cited by 185
“A number of scholars have recently argued that intensive police interventions such as hot spots policing may erode citizen perceptions of the police (e.g., see Kochel, 2011; Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundWhat is Known About the Effectiveness of Police Practices in Reducing Crime and Disorder?
Telep, C. W., & Weisburd, D. L. (2012) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611112447611 · Cited by 158
“Some scholars have recently argued that intensive police interventions such as hot spots policing may erode citizen perceptions of the police (see Kochel, 2011; Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundWeisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Vovak, H., Zastrow, T., Braga, A. A., & Turchan, B. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2118780119 · Cited by 153
“However, there is at the same time strong concern that proactive policing at crime hot spots may lead to increased police abuses and negative community evaluations of the police (7, 8).”
BackgroundDOES WHAT POLICE DO AT HOT SPOTS MATTER? THE PHILADELPHIA POLICING TACTICS EXPERIMENT*
GROFF, E. R., RATCLIFFE, J. H., HABERMAN, C. P., SORG, E. T., JOYCE, N. M., & TAYLOR, R. B. (2015) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12055 · Cited by 202
Chalfin, A. J., Hansen, B., Lerner, J., & Parker, L. (2021) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-020-09490-6 · Cited by 173
Weisburd, D., Hinkle, J. C., Famega, C., & Ready, J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-011-9130-z · Cited by 169
Beyond Profiling: The Institutional Sources of Racial Disparities in Policing
Epp, C. R., Maynard‐Moody, S., & Haider‐Markel, D. P. (2016) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.12702 · Cited by 128
“The Regular Routine”: Proactive Policing and Adolescent Development Among Young, Poor Black Men
Jones, N. (2014) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20053 · Cited by 129
Weisburd, D. L., Telep, C. W., & Lawton, B. A. (2013) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.754920 · Cited by 124
“Because any hot spots approach is vulnerable to potential negative consequences for police legitimacy (e.g. see Kochel, 2011; Rosenbaum, 2006), Braga and Weisburd (2010) suggest that hot spots policing should be carried out with attention to procedural justice and concerns with police”
BackgroundKochel, T. R. (2010) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403410376233 · Cited by 120
“When Rosenbaum (2006), in keeping with the pros and cons format of the book Police Innovations (Weisburd & Braga, 2006), took his stance as the critic of hot spots policing, he offered the first attempt to articulate concerns about possible police bias as well as misconduct and outcome concerns…”
BackgroundThe Predictive Policing Challenges of Near Repeat Armed Street Robberies
Haberman, C. P., & Ratcliffe, J. H. (2012) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/pas012 · Cited by 109
“Because the temporal instability of hot spots is one of the more serious critiques against hot spots policing (Rosenbaum, 2006), understanding how the near repeat process impacts the temporal stability of hot spots has significant import for the allocation of police resources.”
BackgroundRatcliffe, J. H., Groff, E. R., Sorg, E. T., & Haberman, C. P. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-015-9230-2 · Cited by 91
“These concerns include the possibility that hot spots policing might: (1) increase perceptions of crime and disorder; (2) decrease perceptions of safety; and (3) reduce perceptions of procedural justice and satisfaction with police (Kochel 2011; Rosenbaum 2006).”
InfluentialCops as treatment providers: realities and ironies of police work in a foot patrol experiment
Wood, J. D., Sorg, E. T., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Taylor, C. J. (2013) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2013.784292 · Cited by 81
“Given concerns raised over the possibility of ‘backfire’ (Weisburd et al. 2011) during hot spots policing programmes, such as biased or discriminatory enforcement, (Rosenbaum 2006, see also Kochel 2011) these issues seem especially important to address.”
Egbert, S., & Leese, M. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429328732 · Cited by 124
Early Warning System for Temporary Crime Hot Spots
Gorr, W. L., & Lee, Y. (2014) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-014-9223-8 · Cited by 75
“If, however, policing tactics become overly aggressive such as with zero tolerance, then community relations suffer and fear of crime may increase (Rosenbaum 2006; Tonry 2011).”
BackgroundTowards the unification of policing innovations under community policing
Scheider, M. C., Chapman, R. L., & Schapiro, A. (2009) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639510911000777 · Cited by 74
Sorg, E. T., Haberman, C. P., Ratcliffe, J., & Groff, E. R. (2013) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00290.x · Cited by 78
“However, crackdowns and other traditional responses ignore the role of many other factors that contribute to crime, such as social disorganization, offender reentry, or the physical environment (Rosenbaum, 2006).”
InfluentialSatisfaction With Police in Violent Crime Hot Spots
Haberman, C. P., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J., & Sorg, E. T. (2016) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128713516840 · Cited by 67
“However, that literature provides relatively little guidance on which tactics police should actually implement within hot spots (Braga, 2007; Groff, Ratcliffe, Haberman, Sorg, & Joyce, 2013; Rosenbaum, 2006; Taylor, Koper, & Woods, 2011; Telep & Weisburd, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialAssessing the Validity of the Law of Crime Concentration Across Different Temporal Scales
Haberman, C. P., Sorg, E. T., & Ratcliffe, J. H. (2016) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-016-9327-4 · Cited by 63
“Further, both critics and proponents of hot spots policing have argued the police should do more than just be present or conduct enforcement activities in crime hot spots (Rosenbaum 2006; Braga et al. 2014; Haberman et al. 2016; Sorg et al. 2013; Telep and Weisburd 2012).”
BackgroundKaplan, J., & Chalfin, A. J. (2021) · Security Journal · doi:10.1057/s41284-021-00296-0 · Cited by 62
“2019), the concentration of police personnel at crime hot spots may have deleterious impacts on the well-being of affected communities (Rosenbaum 2006; Weisburd et al.”
Kochel, T. R., & Weisburd, D. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-017-9283-5 · Cited by 77
“These critiques argue that focusing intense police presence on small crime hot spots may have unintended negative consequences for the community or the police themselves (e.g., see Hinkle and Weisburd 2008; Kochel 2011; Rosenbaum 2006).”
Examining the Environmental Characteristics of Drug Dealing Locations
Barnum, J. D., Campbell, W. L., Trocchio, S., Caplan, J. M., & Kennedy, L. W. (2016) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128716649735 · Cited by 58
“For example, places at high risk for drug dealing can be identified for directed patrol to reduce drug dealing, at least in the short term (Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundEgbert, S., & Mann, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73276-9_2 · Cited by 61
Chalfin, A. J., Hansen, B., Lerner, J., & Parker, L. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25798 · Cited by 53
Innovations in Policing: Meanings, Structures, and Processes
Willis, J. J., & Mastrofski, S. D. (2011) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102209-152835 · Cited by 51
Assessing the Practice of Hot Spots Policing
Koper, C. S. (2014) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986214525079 · Cited by 49
“Though see Rosenbaum (2006) and R. B. Taylor (2009) for critiques of hot spots policing.”
BackgroundHidden Drug Abuse in Hong Kong: From Social Acquaintance to Social Isolation
Tam, C. H.-L., Kwok, S. I., Lo, T. W., Lam, S. H.-P., & Lee, G. K. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00457 · Cited by 48
Sacrificed on the Altar of Public Safety: The Policing of Latino and African American Youth
Sanchez, C. G. V., & Adams, E. B. (2011) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986211412565 · Cited by 46
“, unmarked cars policing together), the creation of “hot spots,” and promoting officers for arrests (Rosenbaum, 2006), practices that community members cannot easily effectively reform, make Latino and African American youth in disadvantaged neighborhoods vulnerable to the criminal justice pipeline (Rios, 2006; Wacqua…”
BackgroundRunning the risk: police officer discretion and family violence in New Zealand
Grant, S., & Rowe, M. D. (2011) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2010.540662 · Cited by 44
Macbeth, E., & Ariel, B. (2017) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2017.1360379 · Cited by 46
“These “microdots on the map” range from city blocks, clusters of addresses, unique addresses, heat maps, and other formats (Rosenbaum, 2006, p. 247).”
BackgroundVideos Don’t Lie: African Americans’ Support for Body-Worn Cameras
Graham, A., McManus, H. D., Cullen, F. T., Burton, V. S., & Jonson, C. L. (2019) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/0734016819846229 · Cited by 39
Little evidence that military policing reduces crime or improves human security
Blair, R., & WEINTRAUB, M. I. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01600-1 · Cited by 44
Compstat and The New Penology: A Paradigm Shift in Policing?
Willis, J. J., & Mastrofski, S. D. (2011) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azr063 · Cited by 38
Weisburd, D. L., Majmundar, M. K., Aden, H., Braga, A. A., Bueermann, J., Cook, P. J., Goff, P. A., Harmon, R. A., Haviland, A. M., Lum, C. M., et al. (2019) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-019-09284-1 · Cited by 43
“…et al. (2013), Mohler et al. (2015), National Research Council (2004), Perry et al. (2013), Piza et al. (2014, 2015), Ratcliffe et al. (2009, 2011), Rosenbaum (2006), Santos (2014), Sherman and Eck (2002), Sherman and Weisburd (1995), Sorg et al. (2013), Weisburd and Eck (2004), Weisburd and Green…”
BackgroundFerguson, A. G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108354721.025 · Cited by 34
Angeles, L. C., & Roberton, J. (2019) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102313 · Cited by 38
dos Santos, R. G., & Santos, R. B. (2015) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-015-9248-7 · Cited by 30
Boundary Adherence during Place-based Policing Evaluations
Sorg, E. T., Wood, J. D., Groff, E. R., & Ratcliffe, J. H. (2014) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427814523789 · Cited by 30
“Although we cannot comment on the extent to which violations of boundary adherence occurred in other place-based studies, our analysis suggests that there may be some merit to Rosenbaum’s (2006) concern that some diffusion effects that have been reported may be the result of boundary misspecification.”
BackgroundResultEnhancing police legitimacy by integrating Compstat and community policing
Willis, J. J. (2011) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639511111180261 · Cited by 32
Sorg, E. T., Wood, J. D., Groff, E. R., & Ratcliffe, J. (2017) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2016.1244286 · Cited by 23
Evaluating Crime Prevention—Scientific Rationality or Governmentality?
Ellefsen, H. B. (2011) · Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention · doi:10.1080/14043858.2011.622072 · Cited by 24
“…pointed out that the strategy’s strong microorientation does not allow for larger environmental contextual conditions, that its results are short-term and not easily transferable, and that the strategy can have unanticipated consequences like displacement and labelling (Rosenbaum 2006:245–263).”
BackgroundHaberman, C. P., & Stiver, W. H. (2018) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611118813531 · Cited by 18
Proactive Policing Effects on Repeat and Near-Repeat Shootings in Houston
Wells, W., & Wu, L. (2011) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611111414002 · Cited by 27
“…offenders within hot spots, like the CRU, are less likely to be effective and to generate lasting, positive results than more specifically focused responses (Braga & Bond, 2008; McGarrell et al., 2001; National Research Council, 2004; Rosenbaum, 2006; Weisburd & Eck, 2004; Weisburd et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRacialized Policing: Officers’ Voices on Policing Latino and African American Neighborhoods
Sanchez, C. G. V., & Rosenbaum, D. P. (2011) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2011.566821 · Cited by 27
“Furthermore, in some cities, the new focus on hot spots policing results in substantially more police officers deployed to high-crime minority neighborhoods, primarily to make contact with young residents on the streets (Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationProactive Policing and Terrorism
Hasisi, B., Perry, S., & Wolfowicz, M. (2020) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.639 · Cited by 23
Zahnow, R., MAZEROLLE, L. G., Wickes, R. L., & Corcoran, J. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.07.007 · Cited by 22
Weisburd, D. L. (2010) · Cited by 19
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‘The biggest gang in Oakland’: re-thinking police legitimacy
Armaline, W. T., Sanchez, C. G. V., & Correia, M. E. (2014) · Contemporary Justice Review · doi:10.1080/10282580.2014.944795 · Cited by 20
“However, interview participants made what seemed to be a common observation – that poor neighborhoods of color were already the most saturated and the most aggressively policed (Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundA View Inside the “Black Box” of Hot Spots Policing From a Sample of Police Commanders
Haberman, C. P. (2016) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611116655792 · Cited by 17
“Of course, the previous two examples ignore the ethical arguments against these practices (Auerhahn, 1999; Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundExamining the community consequences of arrests for low‐level criminal activity
Schuck, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22238 · Cited by 18
Residents’ Perceptions of Procedural Injustice During Encounters With the Police
Schuck, A. M., & Martin, C. (2013) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2012.762635 · Cited by 17
“As currently practiced, aggressive policing runs the risk of becoming abusive as officers feel the pressure to make arrests, seize guns, and find drugs (Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Police Deployment on Racial Disparities in Discretionary Searches
Briggs, S. J., & Keimig, K. A. (2016) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/2153368716646163 · Cited by 17
“Among the concerns that have been raised regarding the directing of police resources to crime hot spots, one of the more consistent criticisms is that these types of strategies contribute to disparate treatment (Kochel, 2011; Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundThe collateral consequences of GPS-LED supervision in hot spots policing
Wain, N., Ariel, B., & Tankebe, J. (2017) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2016.1277146 · Cited by 15
“…HISTORY received 4 december 2015 accepted 8 december 2016 CONTACT Barak ariel ba285@cam.ac.uk, barak.ariel@mail.huji.ac.il increased and aggressive patrols in hot spots can have deleterious consequences for police external legitimacy and for collective efficacy (Kochel, 2011; Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundThe effects of gun possession arrests made by a proactive police patrol unit
Wells, W., Zhang, Y., & Zhao, J. (2012) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639511211230020 · Cited by 18
Community Crime Prevention in High–Crime Areas: The Seattle Neighborhood Group Hot Spots Project
Telep, C. W., & Hibdon, J. (2018) · City and Community · doi:10.1111/cico.12342 · Cited by 15
The Indianapolis harmspot policing experiment
Carter, J. G., Mohler, G., Raje, R., Chowdhury, N., & Pandey, S. (2021) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101814 · Cited by 14
Goldberg, V., White, C., & Weisburd, D. L. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2440 · Cited by 13
“Rosenbaum (2006) argues that living on a hot spot street can cause residents to perceive their neighborhood more negatively and impact feelings of safety within these communities.”
BackgroundHot Spots of Juvenile Crime: Findings From Seattle
Slowikowski, J., Weisburd, D. L., Groff, E. R., & Morris, N. A. (2011) · Cited by 11
Exploring Violent and Property Crime Geographically
Doyle, M. C., Gerell, M., & Andershed, H. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing · doi:10.18261/issn.2703-7045-2021-01-02 · Cited by 10
Muchow, A. N. (2023) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10986111231162353 · Cited by 22
“When used super fl uously, these measures can weaken police-community relations (Rosenbaum, 2006) and counter COP ’ s emphasis on positive community interaction (Cordner, 2014).”
Public response to community engagement patrols in high crime areas
Kahn, K. B., Henning, K., Stewart, G., Renauer, B., Peterson, C., Mitchell, R. J., Labissiere, Y., & Sothern, S. (2019) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-04-2019-0051 · Cited by 9
Guns in Latin America: Key Challenges from the Most Violent Region on Earth
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Neighborhood by neighborhood: community policing in a rust belt city
Cooley, W., Bemiller, M., Jefferis, E., & Penix, R. (2019) · Policing: An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-01-2018-0002 · Cited by 8
“Without input from residents, targeted policing can devolve into zero tolerance campaigns that worsen community relations (Rosenbaum, 2006; Tonry, 2011).”
BackgroundHasisi, B., Margalioth, Y. Y., Jonathan-Zamir, T., Perry, G., Zamir, R., & Haviv, N. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-020-09424-z · Cited by 8
“Some policing scholars have argued that all invasive police interventions may increase citizens’ negative feelings about the police (Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundHot Spots Policing: Assessing the Impact on Officer-Initiated Activity
Tregle, B., Tillyer, R., & Smith, M. R. (2025) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10986111251317475 · Cited by 8
“If hot spots policing tactics result in more stops, searches, and/or arrests of minority residents, this can damage legitimacy and set off a chain reaction of adverse consequences in already struggling communities (Rinehart Kochel, 2011; Rosenbaum, 2006).”
Using officers’ perspectives to guide the implementation of hot spots foot patrols
Haberman, C. P., & Stiver, W. H. (2019) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1611822 · Cited by 7
Weisburd, D. L., & Braga, A. A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108278423.014 · Cited by 7
Institutionalizing place-based policing: the adoption of a Case of Place approach
Bond, B. J., & Nader, E. S. (2018) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-09-2017-0119 · Cited by 7
Ratcliffe, J. H. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108278423.016 · Cited by 7
Weisburd, D. L., & Wire, S. E. (2018) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.12 · Cited by 7
Explaining the Decision to Arrest
ENGEL, R. S., Worden, R. E., Corsaro, N. A., McManus, H. D., Reynolds, D., Cochran, H., Isaza, G. T., & Cherkauskas, J. C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17054-7_3 · Cited by 7
Schwarze, T. (2023) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-023-09720-w · Cited by 6
“For example, crime maps that spatially represent alleged ‘hotspots’ of crime contribute to providing an ideological back-drop of ‘tough on crime’ political rhetoric and policing tactics, despite the well-known limitations of such policing approaches (Rosenbaum 2006).”
What is Known About the Effectiveness of Police PracticesPreprint
Telep, C. W., & Weisburd, D. L. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 6
Legal, Ethical, and Social Issues of AI and Law Enforcement in Europe
Brakel, R. E. V. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009367783.022 · Cited by 4
Hot Spots and Place-Based Policing
Telep, C. W., & Weisburd, D. L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_264 · Cited by 5
Collaborative problem-solving at youth crime hot spots: a pilot study
Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Vitter, Z., Gross Shader, C., Nelson-Zagar, T., & Spain, L. (2018) · Policing: An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-12-2017-0152 · Cited by 5
Smart policing in Frisco, Texas: geographic and temporal displacement in a micro place
Worrall, J. (2016) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-05-2015-0063 · Cited by 4
Lee, J., Wang, J., de Guzman, M. C., Gupta, M., & Rao, H. R. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society · doi:10.1109/tts.2024.3418621 · Cited by 4
“This finding is not an anomalous in criminal justice, (See for example [86], [87], [88]), more aggressive policing (i.e., guardianship) in terms of presence and heightened activities have increased the levels of fear among residents and thus lead to more personal protective behavior [89].”
Crime dynamics in Edmonton’s train stations: analysing hot spots, harm spots and offender patterns
Ottaro, P., Ariel, B., & Harinam, V. (2024) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-01-2024-0013 · Cited by 4
Bilach, T. J., Roche, S. P., & Wawro, G. J. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-020-09445-8 · Cited by 5
“On the one hand, a heightened foot patrol presence may cause residents to become resentful, and thus unwillingly to share information with the police or even report victimization (see Kochel 2011; Rosenbaum 2006; but, cf., Weisburd et al. 2011).”
Metcalfe, C. F., & Baker, T. (2022) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/21533687221075737 · Cited by 7
“…directly or vicariously the oppressive nature of law enforcement in their communities, particularly with the increased use of hot spots policing, as well as the resulting dispro-portionality in which people of color experience con fi nement (Bobo & Thompson, 2010; Kochel, 2011; Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundCrime concentration, African-American density, and racial disparity in police arrests
Akbas, H., Özer, M., & Akgül, A. (2022) · Crime Prevention and Community Safety · doi:10.1057/s41300-021-00132-y · Cited by 4
Bridging the Normative Gap in Graduate Criminal Justice Curricula: Teaching Theories of Justice
Willis, J. J. (2011) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511253.2011.630675 · Cited by 3
Buil‐Gil, D., Moretti, A., Shlomo, N., & Medina, J. (2020) · Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1007/s12061-020-09333-8 · Cited by 3
“This is especially important in the case of place-based policing strategies, which have been criticised for having negative impacts on the perceptions about the police of targeted communities (Rosenbaum 2006).”
BackgroundSorg, E. T., Houser, K. A., Lewandowski, C., & Schell‐Busey, N. (2020) · The Police Journal · doi:10.1177/0032258x20928096 · Cited by 1
“Related to our work here, for example, Rosenbaum (2006) suggested that the definition of a hot spot is too narrow and that: Generally, the police have decided that a hot spot is a place where there are too many violent crimes, drug deals or gangs.”
BackgroundBond-Fortier, B. J., & Nader, E. S. (2022) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10986111211060025 · Cited by 3
“Often, when strategies are implemented in high crime locations, officers charged with problem-solving do not have an awareness of specific strategies or research evidence to effectuate the problems (Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundTangier heat: On migrant vulnerability and social thermology
Richter, L., & Vigh, H. (2022) · Ethnography · doi:10.1177/14661381211069669 · Cited by 2
Taylor, B. G., Liu, W., Zalsha, S., Sheridan-Johnson, J., Sabol, G., & Lacy, C. R. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-024-09629-6 · Cited by 2
“We hypothesize that POP may potentially increase negative LEO-youth interactions and encourage more aggressive LEO behavior toward youth (Rosenbaum, 2006; Weisburd et al., 2011).”
Alderden, M., Stephens, C. D., Lavery, T. A., Johnston, R., & Rosenbaum, D. P. (2012) · Cited by 2
Self-citationOffender and family member perceptions after an offender-focused hot spots policing strategy
Santos, R. G. (2018) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2017-0120 · Cited by 1
“However, a concern of both hot spots policing supporters and critics is that the strategies used have potentially negative consequences for the relationships between police and the community (Braga and Weisburd, 2010; Kochel, 2011; Rosenbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundPolice Programs to Prevent Crime in Hot Spot Areas
Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2012) · United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services · Cited by 2
Hart, T. C., & Fitch, C. H. (2022) · Crime Prevention and Community Safety · doi:10.1057/s41300-021-00135-9 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Rosenbaum, D. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenbaum, Dennis P.
- Venue
- Police Innovation
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2006-05-04
- Pages
- 245-264
- OpenAlex
- W2125648770
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 11.08
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- hot spot policing, problem-oriented policing, community policing, police resource allocation, information technology in policing
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