The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies
Abstract
This 1993 work surveys and summarizes the results of more than seventy years of investigation, by factor analysis, of a variety of cognitive abilities, with particular attention to language, thinking, memory, visual and auditory perception, creativity and the production of ideas, and the speed and accuracy of mental processing. The author describes his detailed findings resulting from reanalysis of more than 460 data sets from the factor-analytic literature, followed by a presentation of a hierarchical, three-stratum theory of cognitive ability and its implications for further research. A set of three computer disks (IBM 3-1/2" 1.4 megabytes, ASCII format) containing the numerical data sets and Dr. Carroll's statistical results is also available. Representing over 4 megabytes of data or roughly 2000 printed pages the disks are major resources for the interested researcher.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Any cognitive testing was assessed in terms of its true cognitive ability, as described by Carroll (1993) [24].”
From Systematic Overview of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Dominant Poly-Herbal Formulas in Children and Adolescents (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“the variance common across cognitive tasks can be modeled as a latent factor denoted as g (the general factor of intelligence) 9,10”
From Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the present results are consistent with Carroll's (1993) assertion that CHC theory is a universal theory of intelligence and applicable to different gender and ethnic groups.”
From Is the Cattell–Horn–Carroll-based factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fifth Edition (WISC-V) construct invariant for a representative sample of African–American, Hispanic, and Caucasian male and female students ages 6 to 16 years? (2016) · cites this paper as Carroll's (1993)
In the citing paper
“Carroll (1962Carroll ( , 1981Carroll ( , 1990Carroll ( , 1993) ) conceptualized the FL aptitude construct as comprising four distinct and measurable abilities: PHONETIC CODING ABILITY, GRAMMATICAL SENSITIVITY, INDUCTIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING ABILITY and ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY”
From Foreign language aptitude theory: Yesterday, today and tomorrow (2017) · cites this paper as Carroll 1993
In the citing paper
“To begin with, 'FL aptitude' should be considered an umbrella term consisting of a set of COGNITIVE abilities, thus making it a COMPONENTIAL concept (Carroll 1981(Carroll , 1993;;Skehan 1998;Sparks et al. 2011).”
From Foreign language aptitude theory: Yesterday, today and tomorrow (2017) · cites this paper as Carroll 1993
In the citing paper
“John Carroll (1993), clearly differentiated the terms 'ability', 'aptitude' and 'achievement'.”
From Foreign language aptitude theory: Yesterday, today and tomorrow (2017) · cites this paper as Carroll 1993
In the citing paper
“However, it slightly differs from Skehan's approach in that it tries to provide a finer-grained representation of the complex structure of human cognitive abilities (Carroll 1993) and also makes clearer reference to specific educational contexts.”
From Foreign language aptitude theory: Yesterday, today and tomorrow (2017) · cites this paper as Carroll 1993
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,032
Are Child Cognitive Characteristics Strong Predictors of Responses to Intervention? A Meta-Analysis
Stuebing, K. K., Barth, A. E., Trahan, L. H., Reddy, R., Miciak, J., & Fletcher, J. M. (2014) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654314555996 · Cited by 87
Modularity, working memory and language acquisition
Baddeley, A. (2017) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658317709852 · Cited by 101
Spatial Abilities Training in Anatomy Education: A Systematic Review
Langlois, J., Bellemare, C. A., Toulouse, J., & Wells, G. A. (2019) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1873 · Cited by 87
Paap, K. R., Anders-Jefferson, R. T., Zimiga, B. M., Mason, L., & Mikulinsky, R. (2020) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-0207-y · Cited by 100
Intellectual Precocity: What Have We Learned Since Terman?
Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2020) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0016986220925447 · Cited by 106
Improved iodine status is associated with improved mental performance of schoolchildren in Benin
van den Briel, T., West, C. E., Bleichrodt, N., van de Vijver, F. J. R., Ategbo, E. A., & HAUTVAST, J. G. A. J. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1179 · Cited by 84
Deary, I. J., Leaper, S., Murray, A. D., Staff, R. T., & Whalley, L. J. (2003) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.1.140 · Cited by 87
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cognitive function in healthy elderly men
Ferguson, K. J., MacLullich, A. M. J., Marshall, I., Deary, I. J., Starr, J. M., Seckl, J. R., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf278 · Cited by 81
Influence of perspective-taking and mental rotation abilities in space teleoperation
Menchaca-Brandan, M., Liu, A. M., Oman, C., & Natapoff, A. (2007) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/1228716.1228753 · Cited by 102
Modelling mathematics problem solving item responses using a multidimensional IRT model
Wu, M., & Adams, R. J. (2006) · Mathematics Education Research Journal · doi:10.1007/bf03217438 · Cited by 85
Neuropsychological Profile of Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum: A Systematic Review
Siffredi, V., Anderson, V. A., Leventer, R. J., & Spencer‐Smith, M. M. (2013) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2012.721421 · Cited by 89
Neuropsychological driving fitness tests for brain-damaged subjects
Korteling, J. E., & Kaptein, N. A. (1996) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90158-6 · Cited by 85
Twisting space: are rigid and non-rigid mental transformations separate spatial skills?
Atit, K., Shipley, T. F., & Tikoff, B. (2013) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-013-0550-8 · Cited by 82
Situating space: using a discipline-focused lens to examine spatial thinking skills
Atit, K., Uttal, D. H., & Stieff, M. (2020) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00210-z · Cited by 112
Weiss, S., Steger, D., Kaur, Y., Hildebrandt, A., Schroeders, U., & Wilhelm, O. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2288 · Cited by 94
Working memory and general intelligence: The role of short-term storage
Colom, R., Flores-Mendoza, C. E., Quiroga, M. Á., & Privado, J. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.020 · Cited by 83
Can fast and slow intelligence be differentiated?
Partchev, I., & de Boeck, P. A. L. (2011) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2011.11.002 · Cited by 84
The real relationship between short-term memory and working memory
Colom, R., Shih, P. C., Flores-Mendoza, C. E., & Quiroga, M. Á. (2006) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210600680020 · Cited by 83
Cognitive Abilities and Their Interplay
Buehner, M., Krumm, S., Ziegler, M. D., & Pluecken, T. (2006) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001.27.2.57 · Cited by 94
Task Design and Second Language Performance: The Effect of Narrative Type on Learner Output
Tavakoli, P., & Foster, P. (2011) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00642.x · Cited by 96
Emotional Intelligence: Toward a Consensus of Models and Measures
Roberts, R. D., MacCann, C., Matthews, G., & Zeidner, M. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00277.x · Cited by 95
The Added Value of Neuroscience Methods in Organizational Research
Waldman, D. A., Wang, D., & Fenters, V. W. (2016) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428116642013 · Cited by 94
Sex differences in general knowledge
Lynn, R., Paul Irwing, B., & Cammock, T. (2001) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00064-2 · Cited by 82
Song, M. (2008) · Language Testing · doi:10.1177/0265532208094272 · Cited by 82
Waller, R. E., Wright, A. G. C., Shaw, D. S., et al. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114556101 · Cited by 83
Spatial anxiety: A novel questionnaire with subscales for measuring three aspects of spatial anxiety
Lyons, I. M., Ramirez, G., Maloney, E. A., Rendina, D. N., Levine, S. C., & Beilock, S. L. (2018) · Journal of Numerical Cognition · doi:10.5964/jnc.v4i3.154 · Cited by 83
Measuring adult literacy and life skills: new frameworks for assessment
Murray, T. S. (2005) · Cited by 80
A strong dependency between changes in fluid and crystallized abilities in human cognitive aging
Tucker–Drob, E. M., de la Fuente, J., Köhncke, Y., Brandmaier, A. M., Nyberg, L. H., & Lindenberger, U. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj2422 · Cited by 95
Revisiting the Predictive Power of Thinking Styles for Academic Performance
Zhang, L. (2004) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.3200/jrlp.138.4.351-370 · Cited by 82
Mitolo, M., Gardini, S., Caffarra, P., Ronconi, L., Venneri, A., & Pazzaglia, F. (2015) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-015-0647-3 · Cited by 82
Specific learning disabilities: Clarifying, not eliminating, a construct.
Mather, N., & Gregg, N. (2006) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.37.1.99 · Cited by 79
Degradation of validity over time: A test and extension of Ackerman's model.
Keil, C. T., & Cortina, J. M. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.673 · Cited by 82
Harris, S. E., Fox, H. C., Wright, A. F., Hayward, C., Starr, J. M., Whalley, L. J., & Deary, I. J. (2007) · BMC Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2156-8-43 · Cited by 81
Bondt, W. F. M. D., & Thaler, R. H. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.040 · Cited by 82
The cognitive contribution to the development of proficiency in a foreign language
Csapó, B., & Nikolov, M. (2009) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.01.002 · Cited by 80
Savi, A. O., Marsman, M., van der Maas, H. L. J., & Maris, G. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619866447 · Cited by 84
Intelligence and Creativity: Mapping Constructs on the Space-Time Continuum
Corazza, G. E., & Lubart, T. (2020) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence9010001 · Cited by 94
Ethnic Segregation, Tipping Behavior, and Native Residential Mobility
Aldén, L., Hammarstedt, M., & Neuman, E. (2014) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1111/imre.12066 · Cited by 76
A factor analysis of the SSQ (Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale)
Akeroyd, M. A., Guy, F. H., Harrison, D. L., & Suller, S. (2013) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.3109/14992027.2013.824115 · Cited by 79
Relationships between Personality and Cognitive Ability: A Facet-Level Analysis
Rammstedt, B., Lechner, C. M., & Danner, D. (2018) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence6020028 · Cited by 77
Sanders, C. E., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.498 · Cited by 86
Applying Psychological Theories to Educational Practice
Sternberg, R. J. (2008) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831207312910 · Cited by 87
The evolving understanding of the construct of intellectual disability
Schalock, R. L. (2011) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2011.624087 · Cited by 78
Trait Characteristics of Diffusion Model Parameters
Schubert, A., Frischkorn, G. T., Hagemann, D., & Voß, A. (2016) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence4030007 · Cited by 70
Hänggi, J., Buchmann, A., Mondadori, C. R. A., Henke, K., Jäncke, L., & Höck, C. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21175 · Cited by 80
Sethy, S. S. (2015) · Advances in civil and industrial engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8130-9.ch006 · Cited by 78
Reading Comprehension and Reading Comprehension Difficulties
Oakhill, J. V., Cain, K., & Elbro, C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26550-2_5 · Cited by 79
Academic Self-Efficacy and Malleability of Relevant Capabilities as Predictors of Exam Performance
Vrugt, A. J., Langereis, M. P., & Hoogstraten, J. (1997) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220979709601395 · Cited by 78
Brown, L. A., Brockmole, J. R., Gow, A. J., & Deary, I. J. (2012) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2012.636722 · Cited by 77
Individual Differences in Multitasking Ability and Adaptability
Morgan, B., D’Mello, S. K., Abbott, R., Radvansky, G. A., Haass, M. J., & Tamplin, A. K. (2013) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720812470842 · Cited by 83
INCREMENTAL VALIDITY OF PERCEPTUAL SPEED AND ACCURACY OVER GENERAL MENTAL ABILITY
Mount, M. K., Oh, I., & Burns, M. J. (2008) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00107.x · Cited by 86
Geva, E., & Massey-Garrison, A. (2012) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219412466651 · Cited by 80
Webb, S. L., Loh, V., Lampit, A., Bateman, J. E., & Birney, D. P. (2018) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9374-8 · Cited by 86
Keith, T. Z., Kranzler, J. H., & Flanagan, D. P. (2001) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2001.12086102 · Cited by 79
McAulay, V., Deary, I. J., Ferguson, S. C., & Frier, B. M. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.10.1745 · Cited by 76
Veenman, M. V. J., Prins, F. J., & Elshout, J. J. (2002) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00038-3 · Cited by 77
Personality and Individual Differences
Petrill, S. A., & Brody, N. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471214426.pas0414 · Cited by 79
Hill, W. D., Davies, G., van de Lagemaat, L. N., Christoforou, A., Marioni, R. E., Fernandes, C. P. D., Liewald, D. C. M., Croning, M. D. R., Payton, A., Craig, L. C. A., et al. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.114 · Cited by 76
Investigating the use of spatial reasoning strategies in geometric problem solving
Buckley, J., Seery, N., & Canty, D. (2018) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-018-9446-3 · Cited by 100
Hulstijn, J. H. (2018) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12317 · Cited by 90
Gender Differences in Spatial Ability: a Critical Review
Bartlett, K. A., & Camba, J. D. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09728-2 · Cited by 77
A Virtual Reality Test Identifies the Visuospatial Strengths of Adolescents with Dyslexia
Attree, E. A., Turner, M. J., & Cowell, N. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0204 · Cited by 77
Estimating ω h for Structures Containing Two Group Factors: Perils and Prospects
Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., & Yovel, I. (2007) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0146621606291558 · Cited by 76
Effects of a cognitive acceleration programme on Year I pupils
Adey, P. S., ROBERTSON, A. D. S., & Venville, G. J. (2002) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709902158748 · Cited by 77
Construction and Validation of an Instrument for Measuring Programming Skill
Bergersen, G. R., Sjøberg, D. I. K., & Dybå, T. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2014.2348997 · Cited by 75
A Merging Theory of Expertise and Intelligence
Horn, J. L., & Masunaga, H. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816796.034 · Cited by 78
Stumpf, H., & Eliot, J. F. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00029-6 · Cited by 76
Debating Giftedness: Pronat vs. Antinat
Gagné, F. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6162-2_7 · Cited by 74
Is There Anything Special About the Aging of Source Memory?
Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., & Berish, D. E. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.19 · Cited by 74
Who uses base rates andP(D/∼H)? An analysis of individual differences
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211379 · Cited by 74
To Flow and Not to Freeze: Applying Flow Experience to Mobile Learning
Park, J., Parsons, D., & Ryu, H. B. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2010.1 · Cited by 75
Class Composition and Student Achievement in Elementary Schools
Burns, R. B., & Mason, D. A. (2002) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312039001207 · Cited by 75
Integrating 3D Visualisation Technologies in Undergraduate Anatomy Education
Keenan, I. D., & Awadh, A. B. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-06070-1_4 · Cited by 75
Leaper, S., Murray, A. D., Lemmon, H. A., Staff, R. T., Deary, I. J., Crawford, J. R., & Whalley, L. J. (2001) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2211010086 · Cited by 75
Influence of Elementary Student Gender on Teachers' Perceptions of Mathematics Achievement
Helwig, R., Anderson, L., & Tindal, G. A. (2001) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220670109596577 · Cited by 76
A revision of Cattell's Investment Theory
SCHWEIZER, K. W., & Koch, W. (2002) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(02)00062-6 · Cited by 79
Floyd, R. G., McGrew, K. S., & Evans, J. J. (2008) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20284 · Cited by 74
A Guide to Child Nonverbal IQ Measures
DeThorne, L. S., & Schaefer, B. A. (2004) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2004/029 · Cited by 79
Online- versus paper-pencil-version of a high potential intelligence test
Preckel, F., & Thiemann, H. (2003) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024//1421-0185.62.2.131 · Cited by 74
Investigating the Theoretical Structure of the Stanford-Binet-Fifth Edition
DiStefano, C., & Dombrowski, S. C. (2006) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282905285244 · Cited by 74
Canivez, G. L. (2008) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/a0012884 · Cited by 74
Five Reasons to Put the g Back Into G iftedness
Warne, R. T. (2015) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0016986215605360 · Cited by 77
Was messen internationale Schulleistungsstudien?
Rindermann, H. (2006) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042.57.2.69 · Cited by 80
Simultaneous Estimation of Overall and Domain Abilities: A Higher-Order IRT Model Approach
TORRE, J. D. L., & Song, H. (2009) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0146621608326423 · Cited by 73
Assessing the validity of computer-game-like tests of processing speed and working memory
McPherson, J., & Burns, N. R. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.4.969 · Cited by 69
Robinson, P. J. (2010) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00608.x · Cited by 72
A genome-wide association study for extremely high intelligence
Zabaneh, D., Krapohl, E., Gaspar, H. A., Curtis, C., Lee, S. H., Patel, H., Newhouse, S., Wu, H. M., Simpson, M. A., Putallaz, M., et al. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.121 · Cited by 71
Educational Expansion, Skills Diffusion, and the Economic Value of Credentials and Skills
Araki, S. (2020) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122419897873 · Cited by 94
The relationship between executive functions and fluid intelligence in Parkinson's disease
Roca, M., Manes, F. F., Chade, A. R., Gleichgerrcht, E. L., Gershanik, O. S., Gómez-Arévalo, G., Torralva, T., & Duncan, J. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000451 · Cited by 71
Incremental Validity of a Measure of Emotional Intelligence
Chapman, B. P., & Hayslip, B. (2005) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8502_08 · Cited by 75
Experience Producing Drive Theory: how genes drive experience and shape personality
Bouchard, T. J. (1997) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb18347.x · Cited by 71
Stauffer, C. C., Haldemann, J., Troche, S., & Rammsayer, T. (2012) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-011-0333-8 · Cited by 69
Null Sex Differences in General Intelligence: Evidence from the WAIS-III
Colom, R., García, L. F., Juan-Espinosa, M., & Abad, F. J. (2002) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600005801 · Cited by 71
Goldhammer, F. (2015) · Measurement Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives · doi:10.1080/15366367.2015.1100020 · Cited by 71
Individual differences in the learning potential of human beings
Stern, E. (2017) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-016-0003-0 · Cited by 102
Kaufman, S. B., Kozbelt, A., Silvia, P. J., Kaufman, J. C., Ramesh, S., & Feist, G. J. (2014) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.78 · Cited by 70
Measuring Visual Imagery Ability: A Review
McAvinue, L. P., & Robertson, I. H. (2007) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/3515-8169-24j8-7157 · Cited by 71
IQ Variations across Time, Race, and Nationality: An Artifact of Differences in Literacy Skills
Marks, D. F. (2010) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.106.3.643-664 · Cited by 72
What Is Wisdom? A Unified 6P Framework
Sternberg, R. J., & Karami, S. (2021) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/1089268020985509 · Cited by 83
Metadata
- Authors
- Carroll, J. B.
- Corresponding author
- Carroll, John B.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1993-01-29
- OpenAlex
- W2999665664
- Cited by
- 4,121
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 196 · 2022: 169 · 2021: 189 · 2020: 230 · 2019: 187 · 2018: 165 · 2017: 177 · 2016: 172 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 178 · 2013: 151 · 2012: 128
- FWCI
- 41.67
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Keywords
- cognitive ability, language skills, thinking skills, memory, visual perception, auditory perception, creativity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
