The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies
Abstract
This 1993 work surveys and summarizes the results of more than seventy years of investigation, by factor analysis, of a variety of cognitive abilities, with particular attention to language, thinking, memory, visual and auditory perception, creativity and the production of ideas, and the speed and accuracy of mental processing. The author describes his detailed findings resulting from reanalysis of more than 460 data sets from the factor-analytic literature, followed by a presentation of a hierarchical, three-stratum theory of cognitive ability and its implications for further research. A set of three computer disks (IBM 3-1/2" 1.4 megabytes, ASCII format) containing the numerical data sets and Dr. Carroll's statistical results is also available. Representing over 4 megabytes of data or roughly 2000 printed pages the disks are major resources for the interested researcher.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Any cognitive testing was assessed in terms of its true cognitive ability, as described by Carroll (1993) [24].”
From Systematic Overview of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Dominant Poly-Herbal Formulas in Children and Adolescents (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“the variance common across cognitive tasks can be modeled as a latent factor denoted as g (the general factor of intelligence) 9,10”
From Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the present results are consistent with Carroll's (1993) assertion that CHC theory is a universal theory of intelligence and applicable to different gender and ethnic groups.”
From Is the Cattell–Horn–Carroll-based factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fifth Edition (WISC-V) construct invariant for a representative sample of African–American, Hispanic, and Caucasian male and female students ages 6 to 16 years? (2016) · cites this paper as Carroll's (1993)
In the citing paper
“Carroll (1962Carroll ( , 1981Carroll ( , 1990Carroll ( , 1993) ) conceptualized the FL aptitude construct as comprising four distinct and measurable abilities: PHONETIC CODING ABILITY, GRAMMATICAL SENSITIVITY, INDUCTIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING ABILITY and ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY”
From Foreign language aptitude theory: Yesterday, today and tomorrow (2017) · cites this paper as Carroll 1993
In the citing paper
“To begin with, 'FL aptitude' should be considered an umbrella term consisting of a set of COGNITIVE abilities, thus making it a COMPONENTIAL concept (Carroll 1981(Carroll , 1993;;Skehan 1998;Sparks et al. 2011).”
From Foreign language aptitude theory: Yesterday, today and tomorrow (2017) · cites this paper as Carroll 1993
In the citing paper
“John Carroll (1993), clearly differentiated the terms 'ability', 'aptitude' and 'achievement'.”
From Foreign language aptitude theory: Yesterday, today and tomorrow (2017) · cites this paper as Carroll 1993
In the citing paper
“However, it slightly differs from Skehan's approach in that it tries to provide a finer-grained representation of the complex structure of human cognitive abilities (Carroll 1993) and also makes clearer reference to specific educational contexts.”
From Foreign language aptitude theory: Yesterday, today and tomorrow (2017) · cites this paper as Carroll 1993
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,032
Working memory and reasoning: An individual differences perspective
Capon, A. J., Handley, S. J., & Dennis, I. (2003) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546781343000222 · Cited by 71
Lo, C. O., & Porath, M. (2017) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0016986217722840 · Cited by 95
Kluemper, D. H., Mossholder, K. W., Ispas, D., Bing, M. N., Iliescu, D., & Ilie, A. (2018) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-3800-y · Cited by 80
The creativity quotient: An objective scoring of ideational fluency
Snyder, A. W., Mitchell, J., Bossomaier, T. R. J., et al. (2004) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400410409534552 · Cited by 71
New conceptualizations of linguistic giftedness.
Biedroń, A., & Pawlak, M. (2016) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444815000439 · Cited by 70
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2011) · The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977244.040 · Cited by 77
Short-term memory dysfunction in Kleine-Levin syndrome
Landtblom, A., Dige, N., Schwerdt, K., et al. (2003) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.00171.x · Cited by 70
Jackson, S., & Kleitman, S. (2013) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-013-9110-y · Cited by 65
WICS: A Model for College and University Admissions
Sternberg, R. J., Bonney, C. R., Gabora, L. M., & Merrifield, M. (2012) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.638882 · Cited by 79
Intelligence and Achievement: A Behavioral Genetic Perspective
Petrill, S. A., & Wilkerson, B. (2000) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009023415516 · Cited by 69
Aptitude development and education.
Snow, R. E. (1996) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.2.3-4.536 · Cited by 70
Evidence for a unitary structure of spatial cognition beyond general intelligence
Malanchini, M., Rimfeld, K., Shakeshaft, N. G., McMillan, A., Schofield, K. L., Rodic, M., Rossi, V., Kovas, Y., Dale, P. S., Tucker-Drob, E. M., et al. (2020) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-020-0067-8 · Cited by 69
“15 General cognitive ability (g) only partly accounts for the genetic clustering of spatial skills 302 303 It is well established that cognitive skills correlate with each other, and that a substantial portion of variation in 304 different abilities can be accounted for by a general factor of cognitive ability (g), bo…”
BackgroundMethodMeasuring metacognitive performance: type 1 performance dependence and test-retest reliability
Guggenmos, M. (2021) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niab040 · Cited by 66
Do honors students have more potential for excellence in their professional lives?
Scager, K., Akkerman, S. F., Keesen, F., Mainhard, T., Pilot, A., & Wubbels, T. (2011) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-011-9478-z · Cited by 82
Canivez, G. L., & Kush, J. C. (2013) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282913478036 · Cited by 69
An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Mathematics Self-Efficacy Scale—Revised (MSES-R)
Kranzler, J. H., & Pajares, F. (1997) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.1997.12068906 · Cited by 69
Spatial thinking in astronomy education research
Cole, M., Cohen, C., Wilhelm, J. A., & Lindell, R. (2018) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.14.010139 · Cited by 77
Quantitative Estimation: One, Two, or Three Abilities?
Hogan, T. P., & Brezinski, K. L. (2003) · Mathematical Thinking and Learning · doi:10.1207/s15327833mtl0504_02 · Cited by 68
Ribaupierre, A. D., & Lecerf, T. (2006) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440500216127 · Cited by 67
Neiss, M. B., & Rowe, D. (2000) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1010254918997 · Cited by 69
Cognitive testing in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy
Irvine, C., Gardner, F. V., Davies, A. H., et al. (1998) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s1078-5884(98)80176-7 · Cited by 69
Leiter International Performance Scale, Third Edition
Mazurek, M. O., & Kanne, S. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1562-2 · Cited by 69
Factor Structure of the 10 WISC-V Primary Subtests Across Four Standardization Age Groups
Dombrowski, S. C., Canivez, G. L., & Watkins, M. W. (2018) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-017-0125-2 · Cited by 68
“The Schmid and Leiman (SL; 1957) procedure was used to accomplish this residualization because of Carroll’s recommendation and its long-standing use for this purpose (Carroll 1993, 1995, 1997, 2003; Carretta and Ree 2001; Gustafsson and Snow 1997; McClain 1996; Ree et al. 2003; Thompson 2004).”
BackgroundMethodFloyd, R. G., Bergeron, R., Hamilton, G., & Parra, G. R. (2010) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20500 · Cited by 66
Longitudinal Studies of Personality and Intelligence
Bouchard, T. J. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5571-8_5 · Cited by 68
Challenges to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory: Empirical, Clinical, and Policy Implications
Canivez, G. L., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2019) · Applied Measurement in Education · doi:10.1080/08957347.2019.1619562 · Cited by 67
Goldhammer, F., Naumann, J., & Greiff, S. (2015) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence3010021 · Cited by 64
Taub, G. E., & McGrew, K. S. (2004) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1521/scpq.19.1.72.29409 · Cited by 68
Self‐Efficacy and the Prediction of Domain‐Specific Cognitive Abilities
Paunonen, S. V., & Hong, R. Y. S. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00618.x · Cited by 70
Does Personal Intelligence Exist? Evidence From a New Ability-Based Measure
Mayer, J. D., Panter, A. T., & Caruso, D. R. (2012) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.646108 · Cited by 67
Fuchs, D., Compton, D. L., Fuchs, L. S., Bouton, B. D., & Caffrey, E. (2011) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219411407864 · Cited by 68
Myths, Countermyths, and Truths About Intelligence
Sternberg, R. J. (1996) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x025002011 · Cited by 78
Creative People Use Nonconscious Processes to Their Advantage
Gallate, J. E., Wong, C. L., Ellwood, S., Roring, R. W., & Snyder, A. W. (2012) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2012.677282 · Cited by 67
Cognitive Enrichment in Old Age
Schmiedek, F., Bauer, C., Lövdén, M., Brose, A., & Lindenberger, U. (2010) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000013 · Cited by 66
Dilchert, S., & Öneş, D. S. (2009) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2009.00468.x · Cited by 76
Cognitive Models in Intelligence Research: Advantages and Recommendations for Their Application
Frischkorn, G. T., & Schubert, A. (2018) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence6030034 · Cited by 64
A Neuropsychological Approach to Intelligence
Ardila, A. (1999) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1021674303922 · Cited by 71
Moseley, R. L., Юрьевич, Ш. Ю., Mohr, B., Lombardo, M. V., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Friedemann Pulvermüller, A. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.046 · Cited by 72
Reilly, D., Neumann, D. L., & Andrews, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.812483 · Cited by 92
Expertise, Talent, and Social Encouragement
Hunt, E. B. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816796.003 · Cited by 67
Domenico, S. I. D., & Fournier, M. A. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.03.016 · Cited by 67
Rindermann, H., & Baumeister, A. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.12.005 · Cited by 84
Intelligence and semen quality are positively correlated
Arden, R., Gottfredson, L. S., Miller, G. F., & Pierce, A. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.11.001 · Cited by 68
The Role of Intelligence Quotient and Emotional Intelligence in Cognitive Control Processes
Checa, P., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01853 · Cited by 81
Neuropsychological Profiles on the WAIS-IV of Adults With ADHD
Theiling, J., & Petermann, F. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713518241 · Cited by 67
Self-Anchoring in Conversation: Why Language Users Do Not Do What They “Should”
Keysar, B., & Barr, D. J. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.010 · Cited by 67
Integrating Abilities and Interests in Career Choice: Maximal versus Typical Assessment
Darcy, M. U. A., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2003) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072703011002007 · Cited by 66
Flanagan, D. P., & Alfonso, V. C. (1995) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/073428299501300105 · Cited by 65
Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting
Gilbert, D. T., Pinel, E. C., Wilson, T. D., Blumberg, S. J., & Wheatley, T. P. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.018 · Cited by 66
Zargar, E., Adams, A. M., & Connor, C. M. (2019) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-019-09966-3 · Cited by 65
Williams, M. N., Marques, M. D., Hill, S., Kerr, J. R., & Ling, M. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12518 · Cited by 69
Jonkmann, K., Trautwein, U., & Lüdtke, O. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01264.x · Cited by 76
Ghisletta, P., & Ribaupierre, A. D. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.671 · Cited by 65
van der Stel, M., Veenman, M. V. J., Deelen, K., & Haenen, J. (2009) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-009-0224-2 · Cited by 65
Higher‐order factor structure of the Differential Ability Scales–II: Consistency across ages 4 to 17
Keith, T. Z., Low, J. A., Reynolds, M. R., Patel, P., & Ridley, K. P. (2010) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20498 · Cited by 65
Culture, instruction, and assessment
Sternberg, R. J. (2007) · Comparative Education · doi:10.1080/03050060601162370 · Cited by 68
Dombrowski, S. C., Watkins, M. W., & Brogan, M. (2009) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282909333179 · Cited by 65
Decomposing self‐estimates of intelligence: Structure and sex differences across 12 nations
von Stumm, S., Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. F. (2008) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712608x357876 · Cited by 64
Bergersen, G. R., & Gustafsson, J. (2011) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000052 · Cited by 66
Foreign language aptitude, acquisitional sequences, and psycholinguistic processes
Skehan, P. (2016) · Bilingual Processing and Acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.3.02ske · Cited by 44
Fatemah, A., Rasool, S., & Habib, U. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00690 · Cited by 65
Toward a Model of Neuropsychological Activity
Ardila, A., Toro, L. M. G., & Rosselli, M. (1998) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1021618218943 · Cited by 70
Age and cognitive ability as predictors of computerized information retrieval
Westerman, S. J., DAVIES, D. R., Glendon, A. I., Stammers, R. B., & Matthews, G. (1995) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449299508914650 · Cited by 66
Phelps, L., McGrew, K. S., Knopik, S. N., & Ford, L. (2005) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1521/scpq.20.1.66.64191 · Cited by 65
The Ability Model of Emotional Intelligence
Caruso, D. R., Salovey, P., Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118996874.ch32 · Cited by 69
The Development of Mental Processing
Δημητρίου, Α., Mouyi, A., & Spanoudis, G. C. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470880166.hlsd001010 · Cited by 66
Why children with ADHD do not have low IQs
Schuck, S. E. B., & Crinella, F. M. (2005) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194050380030701 · Cited by 64
Is There a Genetic Correlation Between General Factors of Intelligence and Personality?
Loehlin, J. C., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., Bratko, D., Martin, N. G., Nichols, R. C., & Wright, M. J. (2015) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2015.28 · Cited by 64
Herreen, D., & Zajac, I. T. (2017) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence6010001 · Cited by 62
Berkowitz, M., & Stern, E. (2018) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence6040048 · Cited by 79
Measuring industrial upgrading: applying factor analysis in a global value chain framework
Tian, K., Dietzenbacher, E., & Jong‐A‐Pin, R. (2019) · Economic Systems Research · doi:10.1080/09535314.2019.1610728 · Cited by 67
Sternberg, R. J. (2021) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence9040058 · Cited by 81
Spatial Ability: A Neglected Talent in Educational and Occupational Settings
Kell, H. J., & Lubinski, D. (2013) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2013.829896 · Cited by 72
Cliffordson, C. (2008) · Educational Assessment · doi:10.1080/10627190801968240 · Cited by 64
Schalock, R. L., & Luckasson, R. A. (2004) · Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2004.04028.x · Cited by 68
Object-processing neural efficiency differentiates object from spatial visualizers
Motes, M. A., Malach, R., & Kozhevnikov, M. (2008) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e328317f3e2 · Cited by 70
The Development of Comprehension Skills
Oakhill, J. V., & Cain, K. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1731-1_9 · Cited by 64
Genetic Pleiotropy Explains Associations between Musical Auditory Discrimination and Intelligence
Mosing, M. A., Pedersen, N. L., Madison, G., & Ullén, F. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113874 · Cited by 64
Mixed Reality in Science Education as a Learning Support: A Revitalized Science Book
Weng, C., Rathinasabapathi, A., Weng, A., & Zagita, C. (2018) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633118757017 · Cited by 69
The fractionation of working memory maps onto different components of intelligence
Mackintosh, N. J. (2003) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(03)00052-7 · Cited by 63
Sala, G., Aksayli, N. D., Tatlidil, K. S., Gondo, Y., & Gobet, F. (2019) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.101386 · Cited by 72
Gender, Video Game Playing Habits and Visual Memory Tasks
Ferguson, C. J., Cruz, A. M., & Rueda, S. M. (2007) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9332-z · Cited by 63
Mathematical Cognition in Intellectually Precocious First Graders
Hoard, M. K., Geary, D. C., Byrd‐Craven, J., & Nugent, L. D. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640801982338 · Cited by 63
Historical Reflection on Learning Theories and Instructional Design
Tennyson, R. D. (2010) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/5958 · Cited by 63
Canivez, G. L., & Watkins, M. W. (2010) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/a0022046 · Cited by 63
Schmiedek, F., Lövdén, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613479611 · Cited by 64
Intelligence May Moderate the Cognitive Profile of Patients with ASD
Rommelse, N. N. J., Langerak, I., van der Meer, J., de Bruijn, Y. G. E., Staal, W., Oerlemans, A. M., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138698 · Cited by 69
Cognitive styles and mental rotation ability in map learning
Pazzaglia, F., & Moè, A. (2013) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-013-0572-2 · Cited by 62
Vasilopoulos, N. L., Cucina, J. M., & McElreath, J. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.306 · Cited by 66
Are cognitive differences between immigrant and majority groups diminishing?
Nijenhuis, J. T., de Jong, M., Evers, A., & der Flier, H. V. (2004) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.511 · Cited by 62
Dombrowski, S. C., & Watkins, M. W. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0031335 · Cited by 63
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test: Proxy for Verbal IQ in Genetic Studies of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Krasileva, K. E., Sanders, S., & Bal, V. H. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3030-7 · Cited by 75
Suárez, M. D. M., & Gesa, F. (2019) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2019.1617768 · Cited by 76
Dearman, D. T., & SHIELDS, M. D. (2005) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1506/rq40-ur50-5crl-yu8a · Cited by 61
Intelligence and the developing human brain
Shaw, P. (2007) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.20641 · Cited by 61
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence and the Berlin Model of Intelligence Structure (BIS)
Beauducel, A., & Kersting, M. (2002) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027//1015-5759.18.2.97 · Cited by 66
The Role of Intelligence in Modern Society
Hunt, E. B. (1995) · American Scientist · Cited by 62
Individual differences in visual imagery determine how event information is remembered
Sheldon, S., Amaral, R., & Levine, B. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2016.1178777 · Cited by 58
Relationship between Cattell’s 16PF and fluid and crystallized intelligence
Djapo, N., Kolenović‐Đapo, J., Đokić, R., & Fako, I. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.014 · Cited by 63
The development of adaptive competence: Why cultural psychology is necessary and not just nice
Sternberg, R. J. (2014) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.05.004 · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- Carroll, J. B.
- Corresponding author
- Carroll, John B.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1993-01-29
- OpenAlex
- W2999665664
- Cited by
- 4,121
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 196 · 2022: 169 · 2021: 189 · 2020: 230 · 2019: 187 · 2018: 165 · 2017: 177 · 2016: 172 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 178 · 2013: 151 · 2012: 128
- FWCI
- 41.67
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Keywords
- cognitive ability, language skills, thinking skills, memory, visual perception, auditory perception, creativity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
