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Electromechanics of Particles
Abstract
Small particles in the size range from one micron to one millimetre are increasingly important in today's technological world. They serve as workhorses in many mechanisms and devices - from electrostatic copiers to fluidised beds. A more recent development involves the characterisation and manipulation of individual cells and DNA molecules. Particulates can also be a hazard, for example, particulate pollution. Because all particles have electrical and magnetic properties associated with their shape and the materials of which they are constituted, they experience forces and torques when subjected to electric and/or magnetic fields. This book offers a lucid account of the electromechanical interactions that govern the behaviour of particles when an electric or magnetic field is present. With numerous real-world examples, the book should interest a wide range of scientists and engineers.
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“The force acting on the particles is proportional to r 3 of a spherical particle and its polarizability.[30]”
From Integrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
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Electrohydrodynamic rotations of a viscous droplet
Salipante, P. F., & Vlahovska, P. M. (2013) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.88.043003 · Cited by 38
Zhu, X., Yi, H., & Ni, Z. (2010) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/1.3279788 · Cited by 38
Al-Jarro, A., Paul, J., Thomas, D. W. P., et al. (2006) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/0022-3727/40/1/s11 · Cited by 38
Liu, H., & Bau, H. H. (2004) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/1.1649237 · Cited by 38
Automated Nanomanufacturing System to Assemble Carbon Nanotube Based Devices
Lai, K. W. C., Xi, N., Fung, C. K. M., et al. (2009) · The International Journal of Robotics Research · doi:10.1177/0278364908097585 · Cited by 38
“It is defined as a complex factor, describing a relaxation in the effective permittivity of the particle with a relaxation time described by (Jones 1995 Morgan and Green 2003), K p m p m p 2 m (1) Complex permittivities of the particle ( p) and medium ( m) are defined and given by (Jones 1995…”
BackgroundMethodJen, C., & Chang, H.-H. (2011) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/1.3609263 · Cited by 38
Lee, H. W., Kim, S., Kwak, Y. K., et al. (2005) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.1891445 · Cited by 38
Three-dimensional electrokinetic tweezing: device design, modeling, and control algorithms
Probst, R., & Shapiro, B. (2011) · Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/21/2/027004 · Cited by 38
“S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/JMM/21/027004/mmedia (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)”
Dielectrophoretic Behavior of Latex Nanospheres: Low-Frequency Dispersion
Hughes, M. P. (2002) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1006/jcis.2002.8370 · Cited by 38
“[2] successfully account for the dielectrophoretic behavior of particles below the threshold medium conditions where the particle is more polarizable than the medium at low frequencies, there is an anomalous condition in media of high ionic strength.”
BackgroundSu, Y., Warren, C. A., Guerrant, R. L., & Swami, N. S. (2014) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac5029837 · Cited by 37
Chen, G., Huang, C., Wu, H.-H., Zamay, T. N., Zamay, A. S., & Jen, C. (2014) · BioChip Journal · doi:10.1007/s13206-014-8201-4 · Cited by 37
Highly reduced iron-doped lithium niobate for optoelectronic tweezers
Esseling, M., Zaltron, A., Argiolas, N., et al. (2013) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-013-5456-8 · Cited by 37
“The dielectrophoretic force for spherical particles in the case of low-frequency electric fields, which applies for Fe:LiNbO3 as the substrate material [11], can be written as [20]”
BackgroundGuo, X., & Zhu, R. (2015) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.052 · Cited by 37
Liu, W., Wang, C., Ding, H., et al. (2016) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.02.118 · Cited by 37
Schwalbe, J. T., Vlahovska, P. M., & Miksis, M. J. (2011) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.83.046309 · Cited by 37
“, a sphere, is given by the Maxwell-Wagner polarization time [36]”
MethodRapid determination of antibiotic resistance inE. coliusing dielectrophoresis
Hoettges, K. F., Dale, J. W., & Hughes, M. P. (2007) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/52/19/019 · Cited by 37
“Other models for non-spherical geometry such as ellipsoids or rods are reported in the literature and can be used to model particles such as red blood cells (Jones 1995), elongated bacteria (Sanchis et al., 2004; Castellarnau et al., 2006) or carbon nanotubes (Mureau et al., 2006).”
BackgroundRapid enrichment of biomolecules using simultaneous liquid and particulate dielectrophoresis
Agastin, S., King, M. R., & Jones, T. B. (2009) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/b903831k · Cited by 37
Self-citationQian, F., Pascall, A. J., Bora, M., et al. (2014) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la502724n · Cited by 37
Iliescu, C., Tresset, G., & Xu, G. (2007) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2747187 · Cited by 37
Active Manipulation of Quantum Dots using AC Electrokinetics
Sin, M. L. Y., Gau, V., Liao, J. C., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/jp9004423 · Cited by 36
Ultra-durable rotary micromotors assembled from nanoentities by electric fields
Guo, J., Kim, K., Lei, K. W., et al. (2015) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c5nr02347e · Cited by 36
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Probed with Insulator-Based Dielectrophoresis
Rabbani, M. T., Schmidt, C. F., & Ros, A. (2017) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03105 · Cited by 36
Simple Approach to Reducing Particle Trapping Voltage in Insulator-Based Dielectrophoretic Systems
Pérez‐González, V. H., Gallo‐Villanueva, R. C., Cardenas‐Benitez, B., et al. (2018) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00139 · Cited by 36
Image‐based sorting and negative dielectrophoresis for high purity cell and particle separation
Thomas, R. S. W., Mitchell, P., Oreffo, R. O. C., et al. (2019) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201800489 · Cited by 36
Derakhshan, R., Mahboubidoust, A., & Ramiar, A. (2021) · Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification · doi:10.1016/j.cep.2021.108544 · Cited by 36
Review of bio-particle manipulation using dielectrophoresis
Kua, C. H., Lam, Y. C., Yang, C., et al. (2005) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 36
Rapid Concentration of Nanoparticles with DC Dielectrophoresis in Focused Electric Fields
Chen, D., Du, H., & Tay, C. (2009) · Nanoscale Research Letters · doi:10.1007/s11671-009-9442-3 · Cited by 36
“On the other hand, dielectrophoretic velocity, udep, which is induced by the dielectrophoretic force in a non-uniform field, is proportional to the gradient of the electric field [8]”
BackgroundInfluentialYou, S., & Choi, M. (2007) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.08.002 · Cited by 36
Zimmermann, D., Kiesel, M., Terpitz, U., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Membrane Biology · doi:10.1007/s00232-007-9090-4 · Cited by 36
“…dependence of the rotation speed X, is fully determined by the imaginary part of the complex cell polarizability, v* (Arnold & Zimmermann, 1988; Jones, 1995; Zimmermann & Neil, 1996; Fuhr & Kuzmin, 1986): X ¼ 0:5eeE 2 g Im v ð Þ ð2Þ where E is the rotating field strength and ee and g are…”
BackgroundSimeonova, M., & Gimsa, J. (2006) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.20259 · Cited by 35
“The CMF* is a complex quantity, determined by the effective object (e eff) and the external medium (e e) permittivities, the geometry of the object and the frequency of the external field [Stratton, 1941; Pohl, 1978; Fuhr et al., 1985; Pastushenko et al., 1985; Jones, 1995; Gimsa and Wachner, 1999].”
BackgroundInfluentialA numerical design study of chaotic mixing of magnetic particles in a microfluidic bio-separator
Zolgharni, M., Azimi, S., Bahmanyar, M. R., et al. (2007) · Microfluidics and Nanofluidics · doi:10.1007/s10404-007-0160-9 · Cited by 36
“Effective magnetic moment meff in the linear area (field intensities less than 15,120 A/m) is calculated as (Jones 1995):”
BackgroundMethodFlow-Through Cell Electroporation Microchip Integrating Dielectrophoretic Viable Cell Sorting
Wei, Z., Li, X., Zhao, D., et al. (2014) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac502294e · Cited by 36
Dynamic control of lattice spacing within colloidal crystals
Snoswell, D. R. E., Bower, C. L., Ivanov, P., et al. (2006) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/8/11/267 · Cited by 36
Cai, R.-R., Lu, H., & Zhang, L. (2020) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2020.12.061 · Cited by 34
Mazumder, M. K., Horenstein, M. N., Stark, J. W., et al. (2013) · ASME International Conference on Energy Sustainability (ES) · doi:10.1115/es2013-18365 · Cited by 35
Colloidal structures of asymmetric dimers via orientation-dependent interactions
Ma, F., Wang, S., Zhao, H. J., et al. (2014) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/c4sm01492h · Cited by 35
Review of the theory of generalised dielectrophoresis
Lei, U., & Lo, Y. J. (2011) · IET Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1049/iet-nbt.2011.0001 · Cited by 35
Mechanism of dust removal by a standing wave electric curtain
Qixia, S., Yang, N., Cai, X., et al. (2012) · Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s11433-012-4722-9 · Cited by 35
Hatanaka, H., Yasukawa, T., & Mizutani, F. (2011) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac201789m · Cited by 35
Study of cellulose particle motion effect on impulse breakdown in transformer oil
Zhao, T., Liu, Y., Lv, F., et al. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation · doi:10.1109/tdei.2018.006606 · Cited by 35
“The cellulose particles tend to move towards high field regions because of dielectrophoresis (DEP) forces [14].”
BackgroundMicrofluidic Technology for Cell Manipulation
Kwon, J., & Oh, J. H. (2018) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app8060992 · Cited by 35
“In addition, it is difficult to control nano-sized cells because the dielectrophoretic force is proportional to the volume of a manipulated object [50,51].”
BackgroundZheng, T., Wang, C., Xu, C., et al. (2018) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2018.10.001 · Cited by 35
Magnetic field sensors using arrays of electrospun magnetoelectric Janus nanowires
Bauer, M. J., Xiao, W., Tiwari, P., et al. (2018) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi:10.1038/s41378-018-0038-x · Cited by 35
“The motivation for this investigation was to obtain improved assembly guided by the real portion of the Clausius Mossotti factor for a particle in solution at high frequencies.(35)”
Morais, M. V. C., Oliva-Avilés, A. I., Matos, M. A. S., et al. (2019) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.087 · Cited by 35
Hill, N., & Lapizco‐Encinas, B. H. (2019) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201900177 · Cited by 35
Liang, S., Cao, Y., Dai, Y., Wang, F., Bai, X., Song, B., Zhang, C., Gan, C., Arai, F., & Feng, L. P. (2021) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi12030271 · Cited by 34
“The time-averaged DEP force applied on a spherical particle is expressed as [43]:”
MethodHübner, Y., Hoettges, K. F., Kass, G. E. N., et al. (2005) · IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1049/ip-nbt:20050011 · Cited by 35
Electrohydrodynamic instabilities and orientation of dielectric ellipsoids in low-conducting fluids
Cēbers, A., Lemaire, E., & Lobry, L. (2000) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.63.016301 · Cited by 35
Self-Assembly and Vortices Formed by Microparticles in Weak Electrolytes
Sapozhnikov, M. V., Aranson, I. S., Kwok, W. K., & Tolmachev, Y. V. (2004) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.93.084502 · Cited by 35
“[14] T.”
Andrei, O.-E., & Bîcă, I. (2009) · Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2009.01.015 · Cited by 35
Micro- and nanoxerography in liquids – controlling pattern definition
Naujoks, N., & Stemmer, A. (2005) · Microelectronic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mee.2004.12.043 · Cited by 35
Markx, G. H., Carney, L., Littlefair, M., et al. (2008) · Biomedical Microdevices · doi:10.1007/s10544-008-9219-y · Cited by 35
Dielectrophoresis of non-spherical particles
Winter, W. T., & Welland, M. E. (2009) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/0022-3727/42/4/045501 · Cited by 35
Bridging the nanogap electrodes with gold nanoparticles using dielectrophoresis technique
Kumar, S., Yoon, S.-H., & Kim, G. (2008) · Current Applied Physics · doi:10.1016/j.cap.2007.12.001 · Cited by 35
“One of the most versatile techniques known till date which is used for the nanoparticles assembly is dielectrophoresis (DEP) [7–14].”
MethodPillar Array Microtraps with Negative Dielectrophoresis
Cui, H., & Lim, K. M. (2009) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la803761f · Cited by 35
Bhalla, A. P. S., Bale, R., Griffith, B. E., & Patankar, N. A. (2013) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2013.08.043 · Cited by 35
“Key words: fluid-structure interaction, immersed boundary method, electrolocation, dielectrophoresis, self-assembly, distributed Lagrange multipliers, adaptive mesh refinement, free swimming, knifefish, nanowires”
BackgroundMethodElectroporation and lysis of marine microalga Karenia brevis for RNA extraction and amplification
Bahi, M. M., Tsaloglou, M., Mowlem, M. C., et al. (2010) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2010.0445 · Cited by 35
Moore, L. R., Milliron, S., Williams, P. S., Chalmers, J. J., Margel, S., & Zborowski, M. (2004) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac049910f · Cited by 35
Reduction of nonspecific surface-particle interactions in optoelectronic tweezers
Hwang, H., Oh, Y., Kim, J.-J., et al. (2008) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2834901 · Cited by 35
A novel optoelectronic tweezer using light induced dielectrophoresis
Chiou, P. Y., Chang, Z., & Wu, M. C. (2004) · IEEE/LEOS International Conference on Optical MEMS · doi:10.1109/omems.2003.1233441 · Cited by 35
“An analytical expression of DEP force is given by [7] ω σ ε ε ω σ ε ε ε ε ε ε ω ω ε π”
Positioning and levitation media for the separation of biological cells
Arnold, W. M. (2003) · doi:10.1109/ias.1999.799187 · Cited by 35
Pool Boiling Enhancement by Electrohydrodynamic Force and Diamond Coated Surfaces
Kano, I. (2015) · ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.4030217 · Cited by 34
Numerical study of interactive motion of dielectrophoretic particles
Xie, C., Chen, B., Ng, C., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.euromechflu.2014.08.007 · Cited by 34
“INTRODUCTION Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a phenomenon where a force is exerted on a dielectric particle in a nonuniform electric field [1-3].”
BackgroundJivani, R. R., Lakhtaria, G. J., Patadiya, D. D., Patel, L. D., Jivani, N. P., & Jhala, B. P. (2013) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2013.12.003 · Cited by 34
“Dielectrophoresis can further measure dielectric differences of cells or particles by means of electro-rotational spectra (Jones, 1995).”
RetractedYamaguchi, A., Fukuoka, T., Takahashi, R., et al. (2016) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2016.02.023 · Cited by 34
Simultaneous Tunable Selection and Self-Assembly of Si Nanowires from Heterogeneous Feedstock
Constantinou, M., Rigas, G.-P., de Castro, F. A., Stolojan, V., Hoettges, K. F., Hughes, M. P., Adkins, E., Korgel, B. A., & Shkunov, M. N. (2016) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.6b00005 · Cited by 34
Ding, H., Liu, W., Shao, J., et al. (2013) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la402060g · Cited by 34
Sarkar, S., Ganguly, S., & Dutta, P. (2017) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2017.05.053 · Cited by 34
Integration Techniques for Micro/Nanostructure-Based Large-Area Electronics
García‐Núñez, C., Liu, F., Xu, S., & Dahiya, R. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108691574 · Cited by 33
Electric field induced alignment of graphene oxide nanoplatelets in polyethersulfone matrix
Besharat, F., Manteghian, M., Gallone, G., et al. (2019) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ab646b · Cited by 34
Towards single molecule manipulation with dielectrophoresis using nanoelectrodes
Zheng, L., Li, S., Burke, P. J., et al. (2004) · IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE NANO) · doi:10.1109/nano.2003.1231812 · Cited by 34
“It can be shown that the force acting on a spherical particle (the dielectrophoresis force) is given by[1], [3]”
BackgroundAlligator clips to molecular dimensions
Prokopuk, N., & Son, K.-A. (2008) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/0953-8984/20/37/374116 · Cited by 34
How Insulating Particles Increase the Conductivity of a Suspension
Pannacci, N., Lobry, L., & Lemaire, E. (2007) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.99.094503 · Cited by 34
Electric Field Guided Assembly of One-Dimensional Nanostructures for High Performance Sensors
Brown, D. A., Kim, J., Lee, H.-B., Fotouhi, G., Lee, K.-H., Liu, W. K., & Chung, J.-H. (2012) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s120505725 · Cited by 33
“When an AC electric field is applied to a medium including nanowires [18] or carbon nanotubes (CNTs), an electric dipole is induced to generate dielectrophoresis, which attracts and orients the nanostructures to electrodes [19].”
MethodInsulator-based dielectrophoresis in viscous media—Simulation of particle and droplet velocity
Du, F., Baune, M., & Thöming, J. (2006) · Journal of Electrostatics · doi:10.1016/j.elstat.2006.10.010 · Cited by 34
“Jones [2].”
MethodElectric-field-induced ordering and pattern formation in colloidal suspensions
Park, J. S., & Saintillan, D. (2011) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.83.041409 · Cited by 34
“One such well-documented phenomenon is particle chaining [11,12] that occurs as a result of dipolar interactions between particles, an effect closely related to DEP [13,14].”
BackgroundElectrically tunable viscosity of dilute suspensions of carbon nanotubes
Lin, C., & Shan, J. W. (2007) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/1.2824398 · Cited by 34
Phloretin-Induced Changes of Lipophilic Ion Transport across the Plasma Membrane of Mammalian Cells
Sukhorukov, V. L., Kürschner, M., Dilsky, S., Lisec, T., Wagner, B., Schenk, W. A., Benz, R., & Zimmermann, U. (2001) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(01)75758-x · Cited by 34
“…control and phloretin-treated cells The theory of electrorotation was given in full detail in previous publications (Holzapfel et al., 1982; Arnold and Zimmermann, 1982; Fuhr and Kuzmin, 1986; Fuhr et al., 1996; Gascoyne et al., 1995; Gimsa and Wachner, 1998; Goater and Pethig, 1998; Jones, 1995).”
MethodKawamoto, H. (2012) · Journal of Aerospace Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)as.1943-5525.0000287 · Cited by 34
Sampling of Regolith on Asteroids Using Electrostatic Force
Adachi, M., Maezono, H., & Kawamoto, H. (2015) · Journal of Aerospace Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)as.1943-5525.0000583 · Cited by 34
Self-organisation of colloidal nanoparticles
Dutta, J., & Hofmann, H. (2004) · Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) · doi:10.1166/000000004323030339 · Cited by 34
Dipolophoresis of nanoparticles
Miloh, T. (2008) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/1.2931080 · Cited by 34
Cause and Prevention of Moisture-Induced Degradation of Resistance Random Access Memory Nanodevices
Yang, X. Y., Choi, B. J., Chen, A. B. K., & Chen, I. (2013) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn3054544 · Cited by 33
“) When a uniform AC/DC external field Eext is added, the net force is proportional to the gradient of E(2) = (Eintþ Eext)(2), that is, the gradient of Eint 2 þ 2EintEext.(48) So it always enhances dielectrophoresis along some direction of Eint, pointing to the center of Eint: the trapped charge.”
BackgroundMagnetic core shell nanoparticles trapping in a microdevice generating high magnetic gradient
Teste, B., Malloggi, F., Gassner, A., Georgelin, T., Siaugue, J., Varenne, A., Girault, H. H., & Descroix, S. (2011) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c0lc00510j · Cited by 33
Protein Dielectrophoresis in Solution
Seyedi, S. S., & Matyushov, D. V. (2018) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06864 · Cited by 33
Gómez‐Pastora, J., Karampelas, I. H., Bringas, E., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43827-x · Cited by 33
Liver microsystems in vitro for drug response
Lee, J.-H., Ho, K.-L., & Fan, S.-K. (2019) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-019-0575-0 · Cited by 33
Targeted patterning of magnetic microparticles in a polymer composite
Borin, D. Y. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2019.0256 · Cited by 33
“where μp is the magnetic permeability of the particle and μc is the magnetic permeability of the liquid carrier medium [19].”
BackgroundLi, H., Teal, D., Liang, Z., et al. (2023) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-023-01439-7 · Cited by 33
“Electroalignment ( τ A ) can be obtained from torques generated due to interactions between the high-frequency a.c. electric fields and a polarized particle 40,44 , as calculated by where θ is the angle between the electric field and the particle’s long axis.”
BackgroundGencoglu, A., Olney, D., LaLonde, A., et al. (2013) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201300385 · Cited by 33
“where gm is the absolute permittivity of the suspending medium, rp is the particle radius, ∇( E · E ) is the gradient of the field strength squared, and Re(fCM) is the real part of the Clausius–Mossotti factor (fCM), which accounts for particle polarizability [52]:”
BackgroundBasuray, S., & Chang, H. (2010) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/1.3294575 · Cited by 33
Doppler ultrasound imaging of magnetically vibrated brachytherapy seeds
McAleavey, S. A., Rubens, D. J., & Parker, K. J. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2002.807644 · Cited by 33
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“In this approximation, the model of the cell is simplified to a uniform sphere, which equivalent permittivity εp takes into account the dielectric characteristics of the different compartments [42]:”
MethodHigher-order dielectrophoresis of nonspherical particles
Nili, H., & Green, N. G. (2014) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.89.063302 · Cited by 33
Electrodynamic dust shield for surface exploration activities on the Moon and Mars
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Controlled Nanoassembly and Construction of Nanofluidic Devices
Riegelman, M., Liu, H., & Bau, H. H. (2005) · Journal of Fluids Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.2136932 · Cited by 33
Mendes, M. J., Schmidt, H., & Pasquali, M. (2008) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp711450w · Cited by 33
“2 is valid, UNT can be written as [23]:”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBending deformation of neutral polymer gels induced by electric fields
Fehér, J., Filipcsei, G., Szalma, J., et al. (2001) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/s0927-7757(01)00562-3 · Cited by 33
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Electric‐Driven Rotation of Silicon Nanowires and Silicon Nanowire Motors
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jones, T. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jones, Thomas B.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1995-10-27
- OpenAlex
- W208653037
- Cited by
- 2,786
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
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- FWCI
- 16.09
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- International Linear Collider (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrohydrodynamics and Fluid Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies
- Keywords
- particle manipulation, particle characterization, electrostatics, magnetostatics, particulate matter pollution, single-cell manipulation, DNA manipulation, fluidized bed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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