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Cited by 65DNA and Biological ComputingAdvanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniquesElectrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies

Integrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA

Open access
Antkowiak, Philipp L., Koch, Julian, Nguyen, Bichlien H., Stark, Wendelin J., Strauss, Karin, Ceze, Luis, Grass, Robert N.·2022·Small
DOI 10.1002/smll.202107381
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Abstract

Using DNA as a durable, high‐density storage medium with eternal format relevance can address a future data storage deficiency. The proposed storage format incorporates dehydrated particle spots on glass, at a theoretical capacity of more than 20 TB per spot, which can be efficiently retrieved without significant loss of DNA. The authors measure the rapid decay of dried DNA at room temperature and present the synthesis of encapsulated DNA in silica nanoparticles as a possible solution. In this form, the protected DNA can be readily applied to digital microfluidics (DMF) used to handle retrieval operations amenable to full automation. A storage architecture is demonstrated, which can increase the storage capacity of today's archival storage systems by more than three orders of magnitude: A DNA library containing 7373 unique sequences is encapsulated and stored under accelerated aging conditions (4 days at 70 °C, 50% RH) corresponding to 116 years at room temperature and the stored information is successfully recovered.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper integrates silica-encapsulated DNA with digital microfluidics (DMF) to automate storage and retrieval, showing that encapsulated DNA survives accelerated aging and can be decoded. A DNA library of 7373 unique sequences encoding a 115,394-byte image was recovered after 4 days at 70 °C, 50% RH, corresponding to 116 years at room temperature.

Key findings

  • Dried, unprotected DNA stored at room temperature degraded to less than 10% of its original concentration over one year, whereas encapsulated DNA did not degrade for at least 200 days at 40 °C, 50% RH.
  • Engineered silica particles (PD particles) were DMF-compatible: zeta potential changed from 56 ± 12 mV after core ammonization to 4.5 ± 0.4 mV after DNA encapsulation and 33 ± 10 mV after functionalization; particle diameter increased by 15–20 nm.
  • Retrieval required high driving voltage for complete recovery; 5 µL BOE retrieved all DNA, and 20 wt% NaHCO₃ gave the most consistent recoveries, while HCl and citric acid did not retrieve all deposited DNA particles.
  • The 7373-sequence DNA library encoding 115,394 bytes was perfectly decoded after accelerated aging (4 days at 70 °C, 50% RH), while the unprotected DNA library degraded almost completely; the authors calculate a conservative 23.5 TB per spot, up to 280 TB per spot potentially, and 6144× denser storage than LTO-9 tape.

Methods

  • DNA was encapsulated in silica nanoparticles using an adapted Paunescu et al. sol-gel synthesis with TMAPS and TEOS, dilute condensation, annealing buffer and 2-propanol, and a final TMAPS ammonization; particles were characterized by zeta potential and size.
  • DMF experiments used a Microsoft PurpleDrop Rev 6 board and version 3 electrode board with a Raspberry Pi, ITO-coated glass top plate, and mylar film; droplets were moved at 155–275 V, dried, and retrieved with BOE and NaHCO₃, with DNA quantified by qPCR.
  • Stability and sequencing tests included one-year decay measurements at room temperature, 4, −25, and −80 °C; accelerated aging at 70 °C, 50% RH for 4 or 9 days; and Illumina iSeq 100 sequencing of a 7373-oligonucleotide, 150 nt DNA library encoding 115 kB.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the current prohibitive cost of synthesizing large DNA databases means the work extrapolates from a small example file, and that the specific configuration and required volume of synthesis, PCR, and sequencing are hard to estimate and were neglected in the density calculation.
  • The paper states that DNA loading was relatively low (≈0.5 wt% in retrieval experiments; ≈1 wt% in accelerated aging), and that formulations stabilizing significantly more than 10 wt% DNA have not yet been reported.
  • Evident from the text: accelerated aging is a proxy rather than real-time multi-year storage; only one image file/library was tested; DMF handled deposition and retrieval but synthesis and sequencing remained external; and high driving voltage was needed for complete retrieval even though low voltages would be preferred for coating longevity.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/smll.202107381

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 39 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The stored information from the encapsulated DNA library is successfully recovered.

    “and the stored information is successfully recovered.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Dried DNA at room temperature decays rapidly.

    “The authors measure the rapid decay of dried DNA at room temperature”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    The proposed storage format can be efficiently retrieved without significant loss of DNA.

    “which can be efficiently retrieved without significant loss of DNA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    A DNA library containing 7373 unique sequences is encapsulated and stored under accelerated aging conditions (4 days at 70 °C, 50% RH).

    “A DNA library containing 7373 unique sequences is encapsulated and stored under accelerated aging conditions (4 days at 70 °C, 50% RH)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The accelerated aging conditions (4 days at 70 °C, 50% RH) correspond to 116 years at room temperature.
  • Findingown data

    The tailored solvent by addition of annealing buffer and 2-propanol ensured obtaining single particles after the silica growth phase.

    “We also tailored the solvent to the need of well-dispersed reactants by the addition of annealing buffer and 2-propanol, which ensured obtaining single particles after the silica growth phase (Figure 3c).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 20
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    First experiments of moving droplets containing dispersions of conventionally synthesized DNA particles were unreliable, as agglomeration of silica particles was observed, resulting in unsteady flow of the droplet.

    “First experiments of moving droplets containing dispersions of these particles was unreliable, as agglomeration of silica particles could be observed, resulting in unsteady flow of the droplet.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    The adaptation was accomplished by a more dilute condensation reaction as opposed to previously reported synthesis procedures.

    “This was accomplished by a more dilute condensation reaction as opposed to previously reported synthesis procedures. [22,22,26]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [22] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The particles are compatible with a DMF device and allow for efficient storage and retrieval in an automated fashion.

    “The particles are compatible with a DMF device and allow for efficient storage and retrieval in an automated fashion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In a particle storage experiment, after driving droplets to a designated location on the electrode array, they were allowed to dry, resulting in particle pellets that were hard to dissolve by using BOE only.

    “In a particle storage experiment, after driving droplets to a designated location on the electrode array, they were allowed to dry.This resulted in particle pellets that were hard to dissolve by using BOE only.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Low amounts of salt did not produce enough gaseous agitation to help break up the particle pellet, whereas too much salt sometimes gave bubbles that were expanding the droplet and thereby immobilizing it.

    “Low amounts of salt did not produce enough gaseous agitation to help break up the particle pellet, whereas too much salt sometimes gave bubbles that were expanding the droplet and thereby immobilizing it.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    To compensate for the relatively low DNA loading of the particles (≈0.5 wt%), high particle concentrations were used, thus achieving a large data capacity.

    “To compensate for the relatively low DNA loading of the particles (≈0.5 wt%), we used high particle concentrations, thus achieving a large data capacity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Treatment with BOE produced a clear solution devoid of polymers or other solids and could be amplified by PCR following 1:20 dilution with water or after purification with a silica column.

    “Treatment with BOE produced a clear solution devoid of polymers or other solids and could be amplified by PCR following 1:20 dilution with water or after the purification with a silica column.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The particles were engineered to be compatible with DMF.

    “Moreover, the particles were engineered to be compatible with DMF.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Under accelerated aging conditions (70 °C and 50% RH for up to 9 days), unprotected DNA is degrading rapidly whereas the encapsulated DNA is stable.

    “It is evident, that under these conditions, unprotected DNA is degrading rapidly whereas the encapsulated DNA is stable.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In both experiments, only a low percentage of sequences were lost, so that the authors were able to perfectly decode the file from the encapsulated DNA library.

    “In both experiments, only a low percentage of sequences were lost, so that we were able to perfectly decode the file from the encapsulated DNA library.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In contrast, the unprotected DNA library had been degraded almost completely, which made a file recovery impossible.

    “In contrast to this, the unprotected DNA library had been degraded almost completely, which made a file recovery impossible (Figure 6b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The engineered DNA nanoparticles withstand agglomeration in high-voltage electric fields and can be used in droplets at high concentration.

    “The engineered DNA nanoparticles withstand agglomeration in high-voltage electric fields and can be used in droplets at high concentration.”
    • Also stated in: § DNA Library Aging and Sequencing: · plain
      “PD particles show a more resilient nature and are stable in the dispersion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    DNA offers massive parallelization of copy, delete, and read operations; it takes the same amount of time for one or billions of molecules.

    “As a molecular storage system, DNA offers massive parallelization of copy, delete, and read operations; it takes the same amount of time for one or billions of molecules.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [7] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    More advanced applications, such as random number generation or arithmetic operations, prove the versatility of DNA as an information medium.

    “More advanced applications, for example, random number generation or the possibility to perform arithmetic operations, prove the versatility of DNA as an information medium.[11,12]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Encapsulation of DNA in silica nanoparticles is one of the most effective methods for DNA preservation and was employed in this work.

    “One of the most effective methods is the encapsulation of DNA in silica nanoparticles, which has been versatilely used in the recent past and was therefore also employed in this work.[10,21,22]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    DNA encoded data has a storage density in the Exabyte/gram range.

    “With a storage density in the Exabyte/gram range and improbable format obsolescence due to its importance in medicine and bioscience, DNA encoded data gains more relevance in today's information technology.[1,6]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There are several different solutions for the preservation of DNA at room temperature, such as filter paper, anaerobic encapsulation, sugar-matrices, and inorganic salts.

    “There are several different solutions for the preservation of DNA at room temperature, such as filter paper, anaerobic encapsulation, sugar-matrices, and inorganic salts.[16][17][18][19][20]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [16] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Using DNA as a durable, high-density storage medium with eternal format relevance can address a future data storage deficiency.

    “Using DNA as a durable, high-density storage medium with eternal format relevance can address a future data storage deficiency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    If stored properly, DNA can be preserved for more than one million years.

    “If stored properly, DNA can be preserved for more than one million years, DNA data storage.[16]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    DNA has emerged as an attractive alternative as conventional data storage media converge on their physical limits.

    “As conventional data storage media steadily converge on their physical limits, DNA has emerged as an attractive alternative.[1][2][3][4][5]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The use of acids other than BOE would entail disadvantages: the needed addition of BOE to dissolve the silica particles would add an extra step to the process, and due to the low pH in the HCl solution, this retrieval method would additionally require neutralization immediately after the retrieval.

    “The use of acids other than BOE would entail several disadvantages: The needed addition of BOE to dissolve the silica particles would add an extra step to the process.Due to the low pH in the HCl solution, this retrieval method would additionally require neutralization immediately after the retrieval.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If applied at an industrial scale, chilling dried unprotected DNA would significantly increase operating cost and decrease storage density, if overhead infrastructure is included.

    “If applied at an industrial scale, this would significantly increase operating cost and decrease the storage density, if overhead infrastructure is included.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Reducing retrieval droplet size could enable better access through more densely spotted particles on a glass plate.

    “which reduces retrieval droplet size and could enable better access through more densely spotted particles on a glass plate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Permanent liquid storage severely reduces the storage density and would be impractical for the use in DMF devices.

    “Permanent liquid storage, however, severely reduces the storage density and would be impractical for the use in DMF devices.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    DNA has to be protected when stored at room temperature and encapsulation in silica nanoparticles is a suitable method to achieve this.

    “The two preceding paragraphs show that DNA has to be protected when stored at room temperature and encapsulation in silica nanoparticles is a suitable method to achieve this.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data

    This degradation shows the necessity of finding a suitable method to stabilize DNA for storage without active cooling.

    “This shows the necessity of finding a suitable method to stabilize DNA for storage without active cooling.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    It is generally expected that the cost of DNA synthesis will decrease in the coming years making automated storage solutions necessary.

    “However, it is generally expected [2,6] that the cost of DNA synthesis will decrease in the coming years making automated storage solutions necessary.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [2] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The slightly higher sequence loss in the 500 μg particle sample could be explained by the effect of subsampling to equalize the concentration of both samples before sequencing preparation.

    “The slightly higher sequence loss in the 500 µg particle sample could be explained by the effect of subsampling to equalize the concentration of both samples (100 and 500 µg) before sequencing preparation.[31]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Due to amplification and handling prior to a particle synthesis, the DNA library is double-stranded.

    “Due to amplification and handling prior to a particle synthesis, the DNA library is double-stranded.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The most prevalent substitution errors (T2C, A2G, and C2T, G2A) have been previously described to stem from DNA transitions.

    “The most prevalent substitution errors (T2C, A2G, and C2T, G2A) have been previously described to stem from DNA transitions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Due to the current prohibitive cost of synthesizing large DNA databases, this work has to extrapolate from a small example file.

    “Due to the current prohibitive cost of synthesizing large DNA databases, this work has to extrapolate from a small example file.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    T2C/A2G transitions are known in biology and are the result of a tautomeric shift of adenine, from its amine to its imine form.

    “T2C/A2G transitions are known in biology and are the result of a tautomeric shift of adenine, from its amine to its imine form.[32]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    C2T/G2A transitions are a result of the hydrolysis of cytosine to give uracil.

    “Similarly, C2T/G2A transitions are a result of the hydrolysis of cytosine to give uracil.[10]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    As these errors stem from synthesis and subsequent PCR steps, the prevalence of these errors depends on synthesis technique and employed PCR enzymes.

    “As these errors stem from synthesis and subsequent PCR steps, the prevalence of these errors depends on synthesis technique and employed PCR enzymes.[33]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Data storage per spot could be further improved by using slightly bigger droplets and exhausting the particle concentration.

    “This could be further improved by using slightly bigger droplets and exhausting the particle concentration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Particles comprising higher DNA concentrations than those used here would aid to further increase data density.

    “Also, particles comprising higher DNA concentrations than the ones used here, would aid to further increase data density.[22]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The storage density would be 50 TB cm-3 for the 188 PB rack and 595 TB cm-3 for the 2.24 EB rack.

    “The storage density would be 50 TB cm -3 ,and 595 TB cm -3 , respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A fully functioning DNA storage rack will feature significantly higher storage density and storage stability than current archival storage solutions.

    “However, it is evident, that a fully functioning DNA storage rack will feature a significantly higher storage density and storage stability than current archival storage solutions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    It is paramount for the success of a synthesis that particles were well suspended at all times.

    “It was paramount for the success of a synthesis, that particles were well suspended at all times.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    A 50 cm high rack can comfortably accommodate 160 slides.

    “For the storage of glass plates similar to drives mounted in a server rack, one could comfortably accommodate 160 slides efficiently into a 50 cm high rack.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Every layer of the core-shell structured particles serves a specific purpose, to enable simple handling, stable storage, and DMF compatibility.

    “Every layer of the core-shell structured particles serves a specific purpose, to enable simple handling, stable storage, and DMF compatibility.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
41 of 41

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The accelerated aging conditions (4 days at 70 °C, 50% RH) correspond to 116 years at room temperature.

    “corresponding to 116 years at room temperature”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    None of the existing room-temperature DNA preservation methods have been developed in combination with a scalable and automated technology that can potentially reach wide deployment.

    “Although most methods are reliable and simple to use, none have been developed in combination with a scalable and automated technology that can potentially reach wide deployment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The liquid manipulations required on the macro-level, including diluting, mixing, and splitting, are still mostly performed manually.

    “The liquid manipulations required on the macro-level, including diluting, mixing, and splitting, are still mostly performed manually.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Long-term decay studies of synthetic DNA in the literature are scarce.

    “Since long-term decay studies of synthetic DNA in the literature are scarce”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The proposed storage format has a theoretical capacity of more than 20 TB per spot.

    “at a theoretical capacity of more than 20 TB per spot”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The smallest informational unit in DNA is one base pair, with an average molecular weight of 650 g/mol.

    “Therefore, the smallest informational unit exists as one base pair, which has an average molecular weight of 650 g mol -1 .”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Formulations to stabilize DNA comprising significantly more than 10 wt% of DNA have not yet been reported.

    “However, this has its limitations, as formulations to stabilize DNA comprising significantly more than 10 wt% of DNA have not yet been Small 2022, 18, 2107381 reported.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    50 spots can fit on a glass plate.

    “Assuming we can fit 50 spots on a glass plate, such a DNA rack would store up to 188 PB.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A standard 19-inch rack storing LTO-9 magnetic tapes (18 TB each) can host 9.4 PB and has a storage density of 8.2 GB cm-3.

    “In comparison, a standardly used 19”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The specific configuration and required volume of synthesis, PCR, and sequencing can be neglected in the storage density calculation.

    “As the specific configuration and required volume of synthesis, PCR, and sequencing is hard to estimate, they have been neglected in this calculation.”
10 of 10

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The maximum data that can be stored within a single macroscopic storage container has been estimated to lie between a few TB up to a few hundred TB.

    “This represents the maximum data that can be stored within a single macroscopic storage container, and has been estimated to lie between a few TB up to a few hundred TB.56,6,70”

    From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [56]

  • Despite DNA's long-term stability in well-controlled environments such as ancient bone, both aqueous solutions and dried DNA only exhibit a half-life on the order of months to a few years under ambient conditions.

    “Despite DNA’s long-term stability in well-controlled environments such as ancient bone, with storage durations as long as several hundred thousand years,54,55 both aqueous solutions and dried DNA only exhibit a half-life on the order of months to a few years under ambient conditions.56”

    From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [56]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting particle amounts for the accelerated-aging spots

    Major

    The Figure 4 caption states that 100 μg of particles were used per spot, while the experimental procedure for the accelerated-aging test specifies 1 μg per spot-a 100-fold difference.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Kim Y.‐T., 2012, Korean J. Clin. Lab. Sci., 44, 24

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Antkowiak, P. L., Koch, J., Nguyen, B. H., Stark, W. J., Strauss, K., Ceze, L., & Grass, R. N.
Affiliations
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
  • Microsoft (United States) (US)
  • Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering University of Washington 185 E Stevens Way NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
Corresponding author
Grass, Robert N.
ORCID
Venue
Small
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2022-02-26
Volume
18
Issue
15
Pages
e2107381-e2107381
ISSN
  • 1613-6810 (ISSN-L)
  • 1613-6829
DOI
10.1002/smll.202107381
OpenAlex
W4214575994
Semantic Scholar
153d55053538f31ab6e2732f9a72d6f7e8d68d83
Cited by
65
References
33
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 4
FWCI
4.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Small (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • ETH Zürich Research Collection
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Biological Computing
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies
Keywords
DNA data storage, DNA encapsulation, silica nanoparticles, digital microfluidics, data archiving, automated data retrieval, storage capacity, accelerated aging, DNA libraries
MeSH terms
DNA, Glass, Temperature, Information Storage and Retrieval, Microfluidics

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Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

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