The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Navigation
Abstract
Navigation is coordinated and goal-directed movement through the environment by organisms or intelligent machines. It involves both planning and execution of movements. It may be understood to include the two components of locomotion and wayfinding. Locomotion is body movement coordinated to the local surrounds; wayfinding is planning and decision making coordinated to the distal as well as local surrounds. Several sensory modalities provide information for navigating, and a variety of cognitive systems are involved in processing information from the senses and from memory. Animals update their orientation – their knowledge of location and heading – as they move about. Combinations of landmark-based and dead-reckoning processes are used to update. Humans also use symbolic representations to maintain orientation, including language and cartographic maps. Factors have been identified that make orientation easier in some environments than others. Neuroscience has pointed to the role of certain brain structures in the maintenance of orientation and has uncovered evidence for neurons that fire preferentially in response to an animal’s location or heading. Artificial intelligence researchers develop computer models that test theories of navigational cognition or just create competent robots.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It is already well-established that landmarks are important for spatial learning because they serve as anchors and reference points that help wayfinders easily orient themselves in the surrounding environment, navigate to a destination beyond their immediate surroundings, and structure their mental representation of space (Couclelis et al., 1987; Golledge, 1999; Montello, 2005).”
From The influence of landmark visualization style on task performance, visual attention, and spatial learning in a real-world navigation task (2024) · cites this paper as Montello, 2005
Citations
Cites
Hutchins, E. (1995) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1881.001.0001 · Cited by 10,801
Johnson, M. (1987) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226177847.001.0001 · Cited by 6,450
Intelligence without representation
Brooks, R. A. (1991) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(91)90053-m · Cited by 4,853
The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems
Boring, E. G., & Gibson, J. J. (1967) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420561 · Cited by 3,186
Handbook of environmental psychology
Stokols, D., & Altman, I. (1987) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 2,991
The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map
Ranck, J. B. (1979) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.136.10.1353 · Cited by 2,373
Place units in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat
O'Keefe, J. (1976) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(76)90055-8 · Cited by 1,836
Knowing Where and Getting There: A Human Navigation Network
Maguire, E. A., Burgess, N., Donnett, J. G., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Frith, C. D., & O'Keefe, J. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5365.921 · Cited by 1,303
Spence, S. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7024.193 · Cited by 1,182
Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation
Thorndyke, P. W., & Hayes‐Roth, B. (1982) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90019-6 · Cited by 1,170
The Perception of the Visual World.
S., H. W., & Gibson, J. J. (1951) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2021210 · Cited by 1,146
Hippocampal place units in the freely moving rat: Why they fire where they fire
O'Keefe, J. M., & Conway, D. H. (1978) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00239813 · Cited by 1,028
Pick, H. L., Howard, I. P., & Templeton, W. B. (1967) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420397 · Cited by 995
The Child's Conception of Geometry
Richardson, J. E., Piaget, J., Inhelder, B., Szeminska, A., & Lunzer, E. A. (1960) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3119556 · Cited by 890
Schenk, F. (1991) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(91)90036-t · Cited by 790
Motor Development in Children: Aspects of Coordination and Control
(1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4460-2 · Cited by 775
Kuipers, B. J. (1978) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0202_3 · Cited by 772
Topographical disorientation: a synthesis and taxonomy
Aguirre, G. K. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.9.1613 · Cited by 772
Homing by path integration in a mammal
Mittelstaedt, M.-L., & Mittelstaedt, H. (1980) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf00450672 · Cited by 728
The Spatial Semantic Hierarchy
Kuipers, B. J. (2000) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(00)00017-5 · Cited by 727
Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: Assessment of path integration ability.
Loomis, J. M., Klatzky, R. L., Golledge, R. G., Cicinelli, J. G., Pellegrino, J. W., & Fry, P. A. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.122.1.73 · Cited by 703
How maps work: representation, visualization, and design
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-3446 · Cited by 702
Paillard, J. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198542841.001.0001 · Cited by 620
Golledge, R. (1998) · doi:10.56021/9780801859939 · Cited by 542
Wayfinding: people, signs, and architecture
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-1301 · Cited by 523
(1994) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4545.001.0001 · Cited by 507
Access to knowledge of spatial structure at novel points of observation.
Rieser, J. J. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.6.1157 · Cited by 492
Evaluating Architectural Legibility: Way-Finding in the Built Environment
Weisman, J. (1981) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916581132004 · Cited by 473
Magnetite Biomineralization and Magnetoreception in Organisms
Kirschvink, J. L., Jones, D. S., & MacFadden, B. J. (1985) · Topics in geobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0313-8 · Cited by 446
McNaughton, B. L., Chen, L. L., & Markus, E. J. (1991) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1991.3.2.190 · Cited by 437
Spatial cognitive maps in animals: New hypotheses on their structure and neural mechanisms.
Poucet, B. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.2.163 · Cited by 434
Extending GIS-based visual analysis: the concept of visualscapes
Llobera, M. (2003) · International Journal of Geographical Information Science · doi:10.1080/713811741 · Cited by 404
Ruddle, R. A., Payne, S. J., & Jones, D. M. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.3.2.143 · Cited by 399
Spatial And Temporal Reasoning In Geographic Information Systems
Egenhofer, M. J. (1998) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195103427.001.0001 · Cited by 396
Schöne, H. (1984) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400856848 · Cited by 384
GLADWIN, T. (1970) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674037625 · Cited by 339
Freksa, C., & Mark, D. M. (1999) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-48384-5 · Cited by 315
Appleyard, D. (1969) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/001391656900100202 · Cited by 283
Sensitivity to Perspective Structure While Walking without Vision
Rieser, J. J., Guth, D., & Hill, E. W. (1986) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p150173 · Cited by 280
Tversky, B. (1992) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/0016-7185(92)90011-r · Cited by 272
The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS)
(1999) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4660.001.0001 · Cited by 265
The Social Construction of Nature: Relativist Accusations, Pragmatist and Critical Realist Responses
Proctor, J. D. (1998) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00105 · Cited by 260
How to tell people where to go: comparing navigational aids
Streeter, L. A., Vitello, D., & Wonsiewicz, S. A. (1985) · International Journal of Man-Machine Studies · doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(85)80017-1 · Cited by 256
Upward direction, mental rotation, and discrimination of left and right turns in maps
Shepard, R. N., & Hurwitz, S. (1984) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(84)90024-6 · Cited by 256
Visual control of step length during running over irregular terrain.
Warren, W. H., Young, D. S., & Lee, D. N. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.12.3.259 · Cited by 248
The Placement and Misplacement of You-Are-Here Maps
Levinew, M., Marchon, I., & Hanley, G. L. (1984) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916584162001 · Cited by 246
Levine, M. (1982) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916584142006 · Cited by 244
We, The Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific.
Dodge, E. S., & Lewis, D. M. (1973) · Man · doi:10.2307/2800787 · Cited by 229
Lee, D. N., & Lishman, R. (1977) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1977.tb00281.x · Cited by 222
Prototypes, Location, and Associative Networks (PLAN): Towards a Unified Theory of Cognitive Mapping
Chown, E., Kaplan, S., & Kortenkamp, D. (1995) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/0364-0213(95)90003-9 · Cited by 219
Global perspectives on the ecology of human-machine systems
Lee, A. T. (1996) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199606)47:6 · Cited by 194
Cyberspace: The World in the Wires
Kitchin, R. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 191
Assessing auditory distance perception using perceptually directed action
Loomis, J. M., Klatzky, R. L., Philbeck, J. W., & Golledge, R. G. (1998) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211932 · Cited by 169
(1996) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4107.001.0001 · Cited by 168
Spatial Information Theory. Foundations of Geographic Information Science
Kuhn, W., Timpf, S., & Worboys, M. F. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/b13481 · Cited by 165
Planning routes through uncertain territory
McDermott, D., & Davis, E. (1984) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(84)90045-6 · Cited by 160
Spatial Orientation and the Angularity of Urban Routes
Montello, D. R. (1991) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916591231003 · Cited by 150
Self-citationThe Mental Rotation of Map Displays
Aretz, A. J., & Wickens, C. D. (1992) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup0504_3 · Cited by 142
The Effect of Active versus Passive Exploration on Memory for Spatial Location in Children
Feldman, A., & Acredolo, L. P. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb02417.x · Cited by 138
Gärling, T., Böök, A., & Lindberg, E. (1986) · Journal of Architectural and Planning Research · Cited by 138
The Development of Children's Representations of Large-Scale Environments
Hazen, N. L., Lockman, J. J., & Pick, H. L. (1978) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128229 · Cited by 120
Towards a computational theory of cognitive maps
Yeap, W. K. (1988) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(88)90064-1 · Cited by 112
Sancar, F. H. (1986) · Landscape Journal · doi:10.3368/lj.5.1.71 · Cited by 109
Navigator: A psychologically based model of environmental learning through navigation
Gopal, S., Klatzky, R. L., & Smith, T. R. (1989) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(89)80012-x · Cited by 107
The Oxford encyclopedic English dictionary
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-1905 · Cited by 102
Distance Minimization in Downtown Pedestrian Shopping
Gärling, T., & Garling, E. H. (1988) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a200547 · Cited by 95
Farber, S. D. (1983) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.37.5.347a · Cited by 92
Object Recognition in Man, Monkey, and Machine
(1999) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5089.001.0001 · Cited by 91
Path integration while ignoring irrelevant movement.
May, M., & Klatzky, R. L. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.1.169 · Cited by 88
Wayfinding by children and adults: Response to instructions to use look-back and retrace strategies.
Cornell, E. H., Heth, C. D., & Rowat, W. L. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.328 · Cited by 74
Behavioral dynamics of steering, obstacle avoidance, and route selection
Warren, W. H., Fajen, B. R., & Belcher, D. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/1.3.184 · Cited by 73
Spatial Information Theory A Theoretical Basis for GIS
Hirtle, S. C., & Frank, A. U. (1997) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-63623-4 · Cited by 69
Human Homing: An Elusive Phenomenon
Gould, J. L., & Able, K. P. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7233200 · Cited by 61
Pick, H. L., & Acredolo, L. P. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9325-6 · Cited by 60
Spatialized Browsing in Large Data Archives
Fabrikant, S. I. (2000) · Transactions in GIS · doi:10.1111/1467-9671.00038 · Cited by 59
Human Navigation and Magnetoreception
Baker, R. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 46
Thomas, D. S. G., & Murray, A. C. (1969) · Geographical Journal · doi:10.2307/1795634 · Cited by 42
Visual navigation : from biological systems to unmanned ground vehicles
Aloimonos, J. Y. (1997) · Lawrence Erlbaum Associates eBooks · Cited by 37
Image velocity, not tau, explains arrival-time judgments from global optical flow.
Kerzel, D., Hecht, H., & Kim, N.-G. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.25.6.1540 · Cited by 34
Perception of Map-Environment Correspondence: The Roles of Features and Alignment
Warren, D. H., Rossano, M. J., & Wear, T. D. (1990) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15326969eco0202_3 · Cited by 33
Hickox, J. C., & Wickens, C. D. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037//1076-898x.5.3.284 · Cited by 33
Middle-Scale Navigation: The Insect Case
Wehner, R. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.199.1.125 · Cited by 28
Automated Provision of Navigation Assistance to Drivers
McGranaghan, M., Mark, D. M., & Gould, M. D. (1987) · The American Cartographer · doi:10.1559/152304087783875219 · Cited by 28
Path integration while ignoring irrelevant movement.
May, M., & Klatzky, R. L. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.26.1.169 · Cited by 24
A note on cognitive maps: An optimal spatial knowledge representation
Yoshino, R. (1991) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-2496(91)90053-v · Cited by 20
Toward a Conceptual Framework for the Cartographic Visualization of Network Information
Ruggles, A. J., & Armstrong, M. P. (1997) · Cartographica The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization · doi:10.3138/p854-u458-7r22-j13r · Cited by 14
Neural Representations During Spatial Navigation
Mizumori, S. J. Y. (1994) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770588 · Cited by 13
Czap, H., Ohly, H. P., & Pribbenow, S. (1998) · Ergon eBooks · Cited by 12
Cognitive impenetrability of memory for orientation.
Frederickson, R. E., & Bartlett, J. C. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.13.2.269 · Cited by 10
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- Wehner, 1996, Navigation: Migration and homing [Special issue], The Journal of Experimental Biology, 199
- Waterman, 1989, Animal navigation
- 10.2307/1128935 · DOI
- Hancock, 1995, Local applications of the ecological approach to human-machine systems
- Kitchin, 2000, Cognitive mapping: Past, present, and future
- Potegal, 1982, Spatial abilities: Development and physiological foundations
- Murray, 1967, Methods of landscape analysis
- 10.1207/s15516709cog1901_1 · DOI
- Downs, 1973, Image and environment
- Hutchins, 1995, Cognition in the wild, 10.7551/mitpress/1881.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/3-540-63623-4 · DOI
- Hill, 1999, Lost person behaviour
- Hill, 1999, Lost person behaviour
- Wehner, 1996, Navigation: Migration and homing [Special issue], The Journal of Experimental Biology, 199
- Warren, 1985, Persistence and change: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Event Perception
- Freksa, 1999, Spatial information theory: Cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science
- Gallistel, 1990, The organization of learning
- Lewis, 1994, We, the navigators: The ancient art of landfinding in the Pacific
- Lynch, 1960, The image of the city
- Golledge, 1999, Wayfinding behavior: Cognitive mapping and other spatial processes, 10.56021/9780801859939 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Taxonomy of Human Wayfinding Tasks: A Knowledge-Based Approach
Wiener, J. M., Büchner, S. J., & Hölscher, C. (2009) · Spatial Cognition & Computation · doi:10.1080/13875860902906496 · Cited by 360
Eye tracking for spatial research: Cognition, computation, challenges
Kiefer, P., Giannopoulos, I., Raubal, M., & Duchowski, A. T. (2017) · Spatial Cognition and Computation · doi:10.1080/13875868.2016.1254634 · Cited by 269
Spatial navigation by congenitally blind individuals
Schinazi, V. R., Thrash, T., & Chebat, D. (2016) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1375 · Cited by 227
Wayfinding as a Social Activity
Dalton, R., Hölscher, C., & Montello, D. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00142 · Cited by 132
Self-citationSteering Versus Teleport Locomotion for Head Mounted Displays
Christou, C., & Aristidou, P. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60928-7_37 · Cited by 123
Metadata
- Authors
- Montello, D. R.
- Corresponding author
- Montello, Daniel R.
- Venue
- The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2005-07-18
- Pages
- 257-294
- OpenAlex
- W1507826200
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 7.43
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Inertial Sensor and Navigation
- Keywords
- navigation, wayfinding, locomotion, orientation, landmark-based navigation, dead reckoning, cognitive maps, spatial memory, heading, brain structure, place cells, robot navigation, artificial intelligence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review