Realist Constructivism: Rethinking International Relations Theory
Abstract
Realism and constructivism, two key contemporary theoretical approaches to the study of international relations, are commonly taught as mutually exclusive ways of understanding the subject. Realist Constructivism explores the common ground between the two, and demonstrates that, rather than being in simple opposition, they have areas of both tension and overlap. There is indeed space to engage in a realist constructivism. But at the same time, there are important distinctions between them, and there remains a need for a constructivism that is not realist, and a realism that is not constructivist. Samuel Barkin argues more broadly for a different way of thinking about theories of international relations, that focuses on the corresponding elements within various approaches rather than on a small set of mutually exclusive paradigms. Realist Constructivism provides an interesting new way for scholars and students to think about international relations theory.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Making of Global International Relations: Origins and Evolution of IR at its Centenary
Acharya, A., & Buzan, B. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781108647670 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
What made the modern world hang together: socialisation or stigmatisation?
Zarakol, A. (2014) · International Theory · doi:10.1017/s1752971914000141 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The Dynamics of Global Power Politics: A Framework for Analysis
Goddard, S. E., & Nexon, D. H. (2016) · Journal of Global Security Studies · doi:10.1093/jogss/ogv007 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
International Relations in the US Academy1
Maliniak, D., Oakes, A., Peterson, S., & Tierney, M. J. (2011) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00653.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Bettiza, G., & Lewis, D. G. (2019) · Journal of Global Security Studies · doi:10.1093/jogss/ogz075 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Brown, C. (2013) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066113494321 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Realism and the Common Security and Defence Policy
Rynning, S. (2010) · JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02127.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
De-Centering, Not Discarding, the “Isms”: Some Friendly Amendments
Sil, R., & Katzenstein, P. J. (2011) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00657.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ben-Josef Hirsch, M. (2014) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066113484344 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“…those identified as ‘thick constructivists,’ may object to the distinction between ideas and norms, this distinction is both analytically and methodologically justified for the purpose of describing and explaining the causal role of ideational change (Barkin, 2010: 148–153; Klotz and Lynch, 2007).”
Williams, M. C. (2013) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066113495477 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mearsheimer, Realism, and the Ukraine War
Smith, N. R., & Dawson, G. (2022) · Analyse & Kritik · doi:10.1515/auk-2022-2023 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…humbler ontological and epistemological positions is something which could not only improve realist thought by expanding its aim and scope but alsobyopeninguprealismtoinfluencefromotherIRtraditions,suchasideational variables cultivated by constructivism (Barkin 2010; Rynning 2011; Smith 2014).”
Global norms and major state behaviour: The cases of China and the United States
Foot, R., & Walter, A. (2012) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066111425261 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Is strategic studies narrow? Critical security and the misunderstood scope of strategy
Vennesson, P. (2017) · Journal of Strategic Studies · doi:10.1080/01402390.2017.1288108 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Explaining the pattern of Russian authoritarian diffusion in Armenia
Roberts, S., & Ziemer, U. (2018) · East European Politics · doi:10.1080/21599165.2018.1457525 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…by which norms emerge in national settings is typically theorised in either rationalist or interpretivist terms or through the competing logic of consequences and logic of appropriateness, although differences between these two logics are open to debate (Barkin 2010; March and Olsen 1989, 162).”
WE CAN NEVER STUDY MERELY ONE THING: REFLECTIONS ON SYSTEMS THINKING AND IR
Monteiro, N. P. (2012) · Critical Review · doi:10.1080/08913811.2012.767044 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Toward a differentiation-based framework for middle power behavior
Teo, S. (2021) · International Theory · doi:10.1017/s1752971920000688 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Tsygankov, A. P., & Цыганков, П. А. (2021) · Foreign Policy Analysis · doi:10.1093/fpa/orab022 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“For development of the argument about the need to differentiate constructivism from liberalism, see especially Steele (2007) and Barkin (2010).”
Turkey’s Rapprochement with Russia: Assertive Bandwagoning
Đidić, A., & Kösebalaban, H. (2019) · The International Spectator · doi:10.1080/03932729.2019.1627070 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Beck, M. (2020) · Global Policy · doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12778 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Why Is There No Reactionary International Theory
MacKay, J., & LaRoche, C. (2018) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqx083 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Human Nature and the Limits of the Self: Hans Morgenthau on Love and Power1
Solomon, T. (2012) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01109.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sovereignty regimes in the South China Sea: assessing contemporary Sino-US relations
Rolf, S., & Agnew, J. A. (2016) · Eurasian Geography and Economics · doi:10.1080/15387216.2016.1234403 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
War under transnational surveillance: framing ambiguity and the politics of shame
Vennesson, P. (2013) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s0260210513000089 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Smith, N. R. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/696882 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Power, structural power, and American decline
Kitchen, N., & Cox, M. (2019) · Cambridge Review of International Affairs · doi:10.1080/09557571.2019.1606158 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Straßheim, H. (2017) · Critical Policy Studies · doi:10.1080/19460171.2017.1323656 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kuszewska, A., & Nitza-Makowska, A. (2021) · Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs · doi:10.1177/23477970211017719 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Threats and Alliances in the Middle East: Saudi and Syrian Policies in a Turbulent Region
Darwich, M. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781108656689 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The structure-identity nexus: Syria and Turkey's collapse (2011)
Daoudy, M. (2016) · Cambridge Review of International Affairs · doi:10.1080/09557571.2016.1231659 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Martin, N. (2019) · JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies · doi:10.1111/jcms.12947 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Realist constructivism (Barkin, 2003, 2010) assesses the extent to which the EU adhered to its own standards of liberal democracy.”
Participation, metaphysics, and enlightenment: Reflections on Ken Wilber’s recent work
Ferrer, J. N. (2011) · Transpersonal Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpstran.2011.14.2.3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Outhwaite, W. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71519-3_7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Arndt, M. F. (2018) · Asian Politics & Policy · doi:10.1111/aspp.12365 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Varieties of Social Construction
Srivastava, S. (2019) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1093/isr/viz003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Where Have All the Theories Gone? Teaching Theory in Introductory Courses in International Relations
Matthews, E. G., & Callaway, R. L. (2014) · International Studies Perspectives · doi:10.1111/insp.12086 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Realism and international law: the challenge of John H. Herz
Sylvest, C. (2010) · International Theory · doi:10.1017/s1752971910000242 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Guzzini, S. (2020) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1093/isr/viaa013 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Darwich, M. (2016) · Journal of Global Security Studies · doi:10.1093/jogss/ogw005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tyushka, A., & German, T. C. (2025) · European Security · doi:10.1080/09662839.2025.2580246 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Such a narrow definition of agency within a space, or structure (whose nature and scope change with the shifts in space, or structure) does not lend itself well for theorising indeed – unlike the “space for agency” itself (Barkin 2010, p. 102).”
Constructivism meets critical realism: Explaining Pakistan’s state practice in the aftermath of 9/11
Fiaz, N. (2013) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066112466572 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Hegelian realist constructivist account of war, identity, and state formation
MacKay, J., & Levin, J. (2015) · Journal of International Relations and Development · doi:10.1057/jird.2015.24 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chinese Concepts and Relational International Politics
Kavalski, E. (2017) · All Azimuth A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace · doi:10.20991/allazimuth.325784 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Making decisions under uncertainty: The Prudent Judgement Approach
Kumar, M. (2022) · European Journal of International Security · doi:10.1017/eis.2022.17 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Morality and the national interest: towards a ‘moral realist’ research agenda
Brostrom, J. (2015) · Cambridge Review of International Affairs · doi:10.1080/09557571.2015.1015488 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cahan, J. A. (2018) · Nations and Nationalism · doi:10.1111/nana.12423 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Evolution in International Relations
Garlick, J. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009464154 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Drahos, P. (2017) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/rt.02.2017.15 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“If, under the guise of a single variable, one includes other forms of power such as soft power then parsimony is more or less out the window, as it is when realism and constructivism are combined (see, for example, Barkin 2010).”
On the pragmatic and principled limits and possibilities of dialogue
Price, R. M. (2012) · International Theory · doi:10.1017/s1752971912000176 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
On the Heuristic Use of Formal Models in International Relations Theory
Barkin, J. S. (2015) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1111/misr.12253 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Post-Western World Order: Deep Pluralism
Acharya, A., & Buzan, B. G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108647670.010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Beyond Inclusion: Explaining China's Rejection on the Indo-Pacific Regional Construct
Jaknanihan, A. (2022) · Global Jurnal Politik Internasional · doi:10.7454/global.v24i1.667 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sino-Myanmar Relations: Is Pauk-Phaw Pragmatic or Rhetoric?
Yue, R. W.-K. (2014) · The Journal of Comparative Asian Development · doi:10.1080/15339114.2014.926805 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Essentially, international reality is socially constructed by cognitive structures that give meaning to the material world (Alder, 1997; Barkin, 2010).”
Iranian Scholars and Theorizing International Relations: Achievements and Challenges
Homeira, M. (2017) · All Azimuth A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace · doi:10.20991/allazimuth.325790 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Is Strategic Studies Rationalist, Materialist, and A-Critical? Reconnecting Security and Strategy
Vennesson, P. (2019) · Journal of Global Security Studies · doi:10.1093/jogss/ogz032 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Servant of Many Masters: The Multiple Commitments of State- Agents
Abramson, Y., Heimann, G., & Kampf, Z. (2022) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqac026 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Living in the past: The impact of victimization memory on threat perceptions
Lašas, A., García‐Retamero, R., Jankauskaitė, V., & Simonaitytė, V. (2017) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/1750698016688241 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Barkin (2010) notes that neoclassical constructivism approaches international politics as “intersubjectively constructed rather than objectively given, in that the social structure of international politics does not exist prior to or outside of the mutable norms and discourses that define the…”
“Anarchy is what states make of it”: true in a trivial sense; otherwise, wrong
Fiammenghi, D. (2018) · International Politics · doi:10.1057/s41311-018-0169-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Elliott, D. L. (2012) · The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization · doi:10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog323 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Renewing Realist Constructivism: Does It Have Potential as a Theory of Foreign Policy?
Michaels, E. (2022) · Teoria Polityki · doi:10.4467/25440845tp.22.006.16006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“He defines the scope conditions of realist constructivism as being “only applic able to a subset of questions in international relations, those that look at the social construction of public policy, particularly foreign policy, in international politics” (Barkin, 2010, p. 8).”
InfluentialTowards Global International Relations
Acharya, A., & Buzan, B. G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108647670.011 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Traité de relations internationales
Vennesson, P. (2013) · Presses de Sciences Po eBooks · doi:10.3917/scpo.balza.2013.01.0717 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Conclusion: Recognizing Chinese International Relations Theory
Kavalski, E. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137299338_12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Burke and Clausewitz on the limitation of war
Daniel, J. F., & Smith, B. A. (2015) · Journal of International Political Theory · doi:10.1177/1755088215569368 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Realist Ethos of Resistance in Global Politics
Franceschet, A. (2024) · Global Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isagsq/ksae036 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Identities, Rationality and Taiwan’s China Policy: The Dynamics of Cross-Strait Exchanges
Wei, C.-H., & Lai, C. (2017) · Asian Studies Review · doi:10.1080/10357823.2016.1263276 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The ethics of Carr and Wendt: Fairness and peace
Pashakhanlou, A. H. (2018) · Journal of International Political Theory · doi:10.1177/1755088218758117 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, Wendt is typically considered a constructivist by other scholars (Barkin, 2010: 42; Guzzini, 2013: 261; Onuf, 2013).”
India’s Climate Diplomacy Towards the EU: From Copenhagen to Paris and Beyond
Jayaram, D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65044-5_10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Vázquez, A. L. (2016) · Revista Mexicana de Análisis Político y Administración Pública · doi:10.15174/remap.v5i1.163 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Herbut, M., & Polus, A. (2022) · Politeja · doi:10.12797/politeja.19.2022.76.11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Main International Relations Theories
Singh, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34163-2_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Constructivism, realism, and the variety of human natures
Barkin, J. S. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316337042.008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationPursuing Ideology withStatecraft
Smith, H. J., & Michelsen, N. G. (2017) · Journal of Political Science Education · doi:10.1080/15512169.2017.1307759 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Michel, T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56886-3_3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
How to Hold Unjust Structures Responsible in International Relations
Srivastava, S., & Muscott, L. (2021) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqab068 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Steele, B. J. (2017) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096516002171 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Realist constructivism: a new perspective on norm theory
Crowley‐Vigneau, A., Baykov, A. A., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2023) · International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy · doi:10.17994/it.2023.21.2.73.3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Costs and Benefits of Intervention by Proxy
Tamm, H. (2014) · Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding · doi:10.1080/17502977.2014.964456 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Here, one would have wished for a deeper engagement with the constructivist IR literature—think of Wendt’s (1992) felicitous phrase of ‘the social construction of power politics’—or with recent attempts to overcome traditional oppositions altogether, such as Samuel Barkin’s work on ‘realist constructivism’ (2010).”
Why and When States Perceive Threats
Darwich, M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108656689.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rethinking the Asymmetric Dynamics of India-Pakistan Relations
Khan, M. A. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6735-3.ch005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adan, J., & Oluteyo, G. A. (2025) · African Journal of Empirical Research · doi:10.51867/ajernet.6.4.103 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Macron’s European project: two faces of Europeanism
Bilić, J., & Lucić, D. (2025) · Innovation The European Journal of Social Science Research · doi:10.1080/13511610.2025.2604820 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, J. S. Barkin (2003, 2010, 2020), the founder of the concept of ‘realist constructivism’, argues that realism as a theory and approach and constructivism as an approach are indeed compatible.”
Die »Macht« des Realismus in den Internationalen Beziehungen: Morgenthau wieder lesen
Troy, J. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Politik · doi:10.5771/0044-3360-2013-4-414 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pashakhanlou, A. H. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41012-8_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Norms: Global, Local, and the Newly Interpreted In-Between
Sundrijo, D. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54798-1_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Problem of the “Shiʻa Crescent” in the Middle East: A Quantitative Analysis
Chikrizova, O. S., & Ivkina, N. V. (2023) · Vestnik RUDN International Relations · doi:10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-1-88-104 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Russian Responses, the Invasion, Sanctions and International Law
Singh, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34163-2_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
International Relations 1919–1945: The First Founding of the Discipline
Acharya, A., & Buzan, B. G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108647670.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
International Relations after 1989
Acharya, A., & Buzan, B. G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108647670.009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Uluslararası Ekonomi Politikte Neoklasik Realizme Duyulan İhtiyaç: Avrasya Ekonomi Topluluğu
Şahin, M. C. (2020) · Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.18070/erciyesiibd.745808 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Social capital and Facebook use of Tacloban City after Super Typhoon Haiyan
Fontamillas, A. E. (2015) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.20387946 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Brouard, S., Grossman, E., Guinaudeau, I., et al. (2012) · Revue française de science politique · doi:10.3917/rfsp.622.0342 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Traité de relations internationales
Dussouy, G. (2013) · Presses de Sciences Po eBooks · doi:10.3917/scpo.balza.2013.01.0327
Brenner, W. J. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316271650.008
Brenner, W. J. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316271650.002
The Ideal and the Real in the Realm of Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: An Introduction
Adams, M., Ballin, E. M. H. H., & Meuwese, A. C. M. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316585221.001
“Sovereign Democracy” Discourse in the Russian Foreign Policy
Musaoğlu, N. (2018) · Advances in electronic government, digital divide, and regional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3264-4.ch008
The ‘Real’ and Theatrical Politics of the Peace Process: Beyond Idealism and Conservative Realism
Dixon, P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91343-8_2
John Herz and the Purposes of Realism
Sylvest, C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58455-9_5
Darwich, M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108656689.004
International Relations 1945–1989: The Second Founding of the Discipline
Acharya, A., & Buzan, B. G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108647670.007
- Authors
- Barkin, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barkin, J. Samuel
- ORCID
- Barkin, J. Samuel
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2010-03-25
- OpenAlex
- W4244594006
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 11.10
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Science Research and Education
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Realism in Sociology
- Keywords
- realist constructivism, realism, constructivism, international relations theory, theoretical paradigms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review