The DOI matches its Crossref record.
ToMM, ToBY, and Agency: Core architecture and domain specificity
Abstract
Our understanding of Agency is, in part, the result of domain-specific learning. The nature of this domain-specific learning needs to be understood in relation to the organization of information processing in the infant. As a result of adaptive evolution, the infant is a specialized processor of information with an architecture that (in part) reflects properties of the world. On this assumption, it should be possible to establish links between properties of the world, processing subsystems specialized for tracking those properties, and domains of knowledge. It is argued in the case of Agency that three main classes of world properties are reflected in three corresponding processing subsystems producing three distinct levels of knowledge. These three related triples are, respectively, mechanical Agency, actional Agency, and attitudinal Agency. Each of these three linked property classes, processing subsystems, and knowledge levels are discussed in turn but the focus will be mainly on mechanical Agency. In developing these ideas this discussion deals more generally with the nature of early mechanical understanding and its relation to conceptual development. A number of the ideas put forward in Leslie (1988) are revised and extended. One lesson of cognitive science is that different types of knowledge often have different locations within the global organization of human information processing. In development, different types of commonsense knowledge may originate from different locations in core cognitive architecture. Early mechanical understanding and the notion of Agency can be studied within such a framework.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Our findings suggest that the effect of social and ecological complexity may be limited to influencing more specialized, and potentially domain-specific forms of cognition (188-196).”
From The evolution of self-control. (2014) · cites this paper as [194]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 999
Social and physical reasoning in human-reared chimpanzees : preliminary studies
Vonk, J. M., & Povinelli, D. J. (2011) · Cited by 7
Mozafari, A. R., & Xu, X. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.029 · Cited by 7
Enhanced Aggression Replacement Training with Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Moynahan, L. (2003) · Reclaiming Children and Youth · Cited by 7
The role of action-initiation in young children's causal explanations of action
Montgomery, D. E. (1996) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(96)90014-3 · Cited by 7
Origins of knowledge: learning and communication in infancy
Silvén, M. (2002) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/s0959-4752(01)00026-3 · Cited by 7
Situational features influencing young children's mentalistic explanations of action
Montgomery, D. E. (1994) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/0885-2014(94)90014-0 · Cited by 7
Gergely, G. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.37.5.579 · Cited by 7
“In fact, several theorists of modularist persuasion (BaronCohen, 1994; Leslie, 1994; Premack, 1990) have argued that the attribution of intentionality is triggered by more abstract movement cues such as self-propulsion, which identifies a larger class of objects than human persons as intentional.”
BackgroundHulbig, P. R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41436-7_3 · Cited by 7
Scassellati, B. (2005) · doi:10.21236/ada434148 · Cited by 7
“In this abstract, I will attempt to review two of the most popular and influential general models which attempt to link together multi-disciplinary research into a coherent developmental explanation, one from Baron-Cohen (1995) and one from Leslie (1994).”
BackgroundRunning Head: CULTURE AND THOUGHT Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic vs. Analytic Cognition
Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Ara Norenzayan, A. (2001) · Cited by 7
Coleman, & Thomas, J. C. (2016) · Cited by 6
Infants’ search for hidden persons
Krøjgaard, P. (2004) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250444000379 · Cited by 6
“Infants seem to discriminate human beings from inanimate objects from very early on (Leslie, 1994; Mandler, 1992, 1997; Meltzoff & Moore, 2001; Trevarthen, 1998).”
BackgroundThe Comparative Study of Imitation Mechanisms in Non-Human Primates
Subiaul, F., Renner, E., & Krajkowski, E. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107279353.007 · Cited by 6
Cross-linguistic regularities and learner biases reflect “core” mechanics
Strickland, B., & Chemla, E. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184132 · Cited by 6
The Evolution of Theory of Mind in the Human Evolution
Chung, D.-Y. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2021.111002 · Cited by 6
“According to Alan Leslie [38], “Theory-of-Mind Mechanism” (ToMM) receives as input information about the past and present behavior of other people and utilizes this information to compute their probable psychological states.”
BackgroundAstuti, R., Solomon, G. E. A., & Carey, S. E. (2004) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2004.00297.x · Cited by 6
Structured Imagination and the Writing of Creative Stories
Pavlik, L. (2002) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2002.tb01060.x · Cited by 6
Lohaus, A., Keller, H., Lißmann, I., Ball, J., Borke, J., & Lamm, B. (2006) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405620600605323 · Cited by 6
“This is, for example, shown by simple computer demonstrations where one dot bumped into another that either moved immediately or after a delay (Leslie, 1994 ; Leslie & Keeble, 1987 ).”
BackgroundNewton, L. D., & Newton, D. P. (2006) · British Journal of Religious Education · doi:10.1080/01416200600811311 · Cited by 6
“…and grasp reasons for people’s behaviour in terms of intentions, goals and purposes and physical events in terms of simple mechanical causation if these reasons are presented in ways that are meaningful to them (e.g. Halford, 1993; Leslie, 1994; Kuhn et al., 1995; Meltzoff, 1995; Goswami, 1998).”
BackgroundIs the acquisition of a theory of mind linked to a specific competence beyond three years of age?
Bradmetz, J. (1998) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(99)80048-8 · Cited by 6
Renée Baillargeon, B. (2004) · Cited by 6
The Evolutionary Roots of Intelligence and Rationality
Cummins, D. D. (2002) · doi:10.1093/0195147669.003.0007 · Cited by 6
Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153729.003.0004 · Cited by 6
The Silent Understanding of the Mind
Marchetti, A., Liverta-Sempio, O., & Lecciso, F. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-24997-4_7 · Cited by 5
“Whilst the modular view states that theory of mind development depends on the biological growth of neuro-cognitive genetic structures (Baron-Cohen, Leslie & Frith, 1985; Leslie, 1987; 1991; 1994; Frith, Happe & Siddons, 1994), thereby making environmental and cultural influences irrelevant, Vygotsky’s contextual appro…”
BackgroundOwayyed, M. A., Tielman, M. L., Hartholt, A., Specht, M. M., & Brinkman, W. (2024) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2024.2374891 · Cited by 5
“This model is built on three aspects: (1) the agent’s beliefs about themselves, the learner (i.e. Theory of Mind Leslie 1994), and the world; (2) the agent’s desires regarding their goals; and (3) their intentions as the actions they wanted to execute (Georgeff et al. 1998 (Laird 2019) to train…”
InfluentialPerner, J. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191879074.001.0001 · Cited by 6
Koss, M. P., Hansen, M., Anderson, E. J., Bach, M. H., & Bramsen, R. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.035 · Cited by 5
Wharton, T. (2021) · Pragmatics & Cognition · doi:10.1075/pc.21013.wha · Cited by 6
Cognition, material culture and religious ritual
Krátký, J. (2012) · Journal of the British Association for the Study of Religion (JBASR) · doi:10.1558/jbasr.32487 · Cited by 5
Suárez, S., & Koenig, M. A. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13522 · Cited by 5
Operationalizing Theories of Theory of Mind: A Survey
Gurney, N., Marsella, S., Ustun, V., & Pynadath, D. V. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21671-8_1 · Cited by 5
Learning Possession Trance and Evaluating Oracles’ Truthfulness in Jinè Cults of Bèlèdugu (Mali)
Berger, L. (2012) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/15685373-12342071 · Cited by 5
The Impact of the Social Environment on the Evolution of Mind
Cummins, D. D. (2001) · Studies in cognitive systems · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0618-7_4 · Cited by 5
Inui, T. (2013) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12004 · Cited by 5
Wellman, H. M. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0357-6_11 · Cited by 5
From Infancy to Inferences: Current Perspectives on Intentionality
Hughes, C. H. (2001) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1207/s15327647jcd0202_5 · Cited by 5
“Fourth, the same rules should also apply to tasks involving inferences about desire (Repacholi & Gopnik, 1997) or pretense (Harris & Kavanaugh, 1993; Leslie, 1994a) that are passed by most 18-month-olds.”
BackgroundSex-specific effects of sociocultural changing on aggression: fact or artefact?
Pahlavan, F., & Rodríguez, J. M. A. (2009) · Journal of Organisational Transformation & Social Change · doi:10.1386/jots.6.2.103_1 · Cited by 5
Wharton, T. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/04747-7 · Cited by 5
Nado, J. (2011) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3jd4vv8 · Cited by 5
Schooling and the Acquisition of Theoretical Knowledge
Keil, F. C., & Silberstein, C. S. (1998) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1111/b.9780631211860.1998.00028.x · Cited by 7
Autism and Religious Beliefs: Clues from Kafka Research
Stuger, J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3858-5 · Cited by 4
SUBJECT AND SUBJECTNESS IN FOREIGN PSYCHOLOGY: NUANCES OF TERMINOLOGY AND TRANSLATION
Smulson, M., & Meshcheriakov, D. (2021) · TECHNOLOGIES OF INTELLECT DEVELOPMENT · doi:10.31108/3.2021.5.1.9 · Cited by 4
Modeling the development of causality and occlusion perception in infants
Franz, A., & Triesch, J. (2008) · IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL) · doi:10.1109/devlrn.2008.4640825 · Cited by 4
Relative Strangers: Reflections on Hospitality, Social Distance and Diplomacy
Onuf, N. G. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137290007_8 · Cited by 4
Auletta, G. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608485.003.0023 · Cited by 4
Krist, H., Karl, K., & Krüger, M. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.09.008 · Cited by 4
Cohesion as a Principle for Perceiving Objecthood
Cacchione, T., & Amici, F. (2015) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000164 · Cited by 4
“Also, in this domain, infants rely on specific kinematic cues to individuate animate agents in the perceptual array (Leslie, 1994, 1995; Mandler, 1992, 1998, 2000; Premack, 1990).”
BackgroundComputational Models of Consciousness-Emotion Interactions in Social Robotics: Conceptual Framework
Szczepanowski, R., Gakis, M., Arent, K., & Sobecki, J. F. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.72369 · Cited by 4
“The well-known idea of a “theory of mind” describing our ability to mentalize others’ internal states was captured by theoretical accounts by Baron-Cohen [6] and Leslie [7] and finally was used to construct a Cog humanoid robot with the usage of current technology [3].”
MethodAt the Crossroads of Women’s Experience
Pang, J. S., & Baumann, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.015 · Cited by 4
Cortical Activation to Social and Mechanical Stimuli in the Infant Brain
Biondi, M., Hirshkowitz, A., Hammack, J. S., & Wilcox, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2021.510030 · Cited by 4
“In a seminal paper, Premack (1990) proposed that infants possess distinct knowledge systems for perceiving, apprehending, and reasoning about social and non-social physical entities (for similar views see Gelman, 1990; Mandler, 1992, 2000; Leslie, 1994, 1995).”
BackgroundOakes, L. M., & Rakison, D. H. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195391893.003.0005 · Cited by 4
Sex/Gender Differences in the Brain and their Relationship to Behavior
Eliot, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.007 · Cited by 4
Fertility, Childbirth, and Parenting
Macleod, C. I., & Morison, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.011 · Cited by 5
Dominey, P. F. (2007) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2006.02.030 · Cited by 4
Enseñanza para el cambio de las representaciones sobre el aprendizaje
Aparicio-Serrano, J. A., & Los-Ríos, O. L. H. D. (2008) · Universitas Psychologica · Cited by 4
An Exploration of Counter-Intuitive Conceptual Structures in Organizational Stories
Smith, A. C. T. (2009) · Journal of Sport Management · doi:10.1123/jsm.23.4.483 · Cited by 4
(2005) · doi:10.1093/0199271941.003.0002 · Cited by 4
Simpson, T., & Carruthers, P. (2005) · Cited by 4
Why Else Does Jenny Run? Young Children's Extended Psychological Explanations
Bartsch, K., Campbell, M. D., & Troseth, G. L. (2007) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1207/s15327647jcd0801_2 · Cited by 4
Serrano, A. I. O., & Emilio, J. (2002) · TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa) · Cited by 4
Social psychology and the theory of science
Kitcher, P. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613517.015 · Cited by 4
From folk psychology to cognitive ontology
Dewhurst, J. E. (2017) · ERA · Cited by 4
What is Theory of Mind? A Psychometric Study of Theory of Mind and IntelligencePreprint
Navarro, E. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/dhpk4 · Cited by 4
Willard, A. K., Turpin, H., & Baimel, A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aubem · Cited by 4
KARAKAŞOĞLU, S., & Özdemir, S. (2021) · Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.719171 · Cited by 4
Die normale psychische Entwicklung und ihre Varianten
Sodian, B., & Ziegenhain, U. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19846-5_2 · Cited by 3
“Eine begrenzte Informationsverarbeitungskapazität wird zur Erklärung des Scheiterns jüngerer Kinder in Theory-of-Mind-Aufgaben (speziell »Belief«-Aufgaben) herangezogen (Leslie 1994).”
BackgroundLeung, S. A., & Cinamon, R. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.024 · Cited by 4
Understanding Gender Inequality in Poverty and Social Exclusion through a Psychological Lens
Zhang, M. F., & Gordon, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.033 · Cited by 3
The role of mirror neurons in cognitive and social functioning*
Fabiańska, M., Bosiacki, M., & Simińska, D. (2020) · Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences · doi:10.21164/pomjlifesci.726 · Cited by 3
Being Born Autistic and the Forming of the Interpersonal World
Muratori, F., & Apicella, F. (2022) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351690.2022.2007019 · Cited by 3
“Could it be that in autism the very early difficulties in motor organization limit simultaneously both the production and the comprehension of gestures? According to Njiokiktjien, the early interplay of gestures comprehension and production is at the core of the Theory of Body that is the starting point (Leslie, 1994)…”
Background(2005) · doi:10.1093/0199271941.003.0001 · Cited by 3
Working memory load impairs tacit coordination but not inter-brain EEG synchronization
Newman, L. A., Cao, M., Täuber, S., & van Vugt, M. K. (2024) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsae017 · Cited by 4
“This adds to the growing body of work challenging earlier claims that social alignment is domain-specific and does not require executive control in adults (Fodor, 1992; Leslie, 1994; Perner and Lang, 1999; Fiddick et al ., 2000).”
The concept of structural information and possible applications
Bielecki, A., & Stocki, R. (2023) · Philosophical Problems in Science (Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce) · doi:10.59203/zfn.75.654 · Cited by 3
“For instance Leslie states that “the infant is a specialized processor of information with an architecture that (in part) reflects properties of the world” (Leslie, 1994).”
BackgroundNavarro, E., & Rossi, E. (2024) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-024-10105-5 · Cited by 5
“However, the results do not support accounts (e.g., Leslie, 1994) suggesting that MLA acts as an alternative process to complete ToM tasks without recruiting executive functions.”
Njiokiktjien, C., Verschor, A., & de Sonneville, L. M. J. (2012) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2012.10773692 · Cited by 3
“Leslie (1994) proposed Theory of Body as the first stage of a mechanism—understanding mechanical causality—leading to ToM.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Search for Human Cognitive Specializations
Barrett, H. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804042-3.00122-6 · Cited by 3
Asaba, M., Li, X., Yow, W. Q., & Gweon, H. (2019) · Cognitive Science · Cited by 3
Evolutionary Roots of Women’s Aggression
Davis, A. C., Vaillancourt, T., & Archer, J. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.022 · Cited by 4
Understanding Intention for Machine Theory of Mind: a Position Paper
Kennington, C. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) · doi:10.1109/ro-man53752.2022.9900783 · Cited by 3
“The first is Leslie’s model that builds from theories of agency [29].”
BackgroundThe Silent Understanding of the Mind: the Deaf Child.
Marchetti, A., Liverta, O. S., & Lecciso, F. (2006) · Cited by 3
Modularity in language and theory of mind: What is the evidence?
Siegal, M., & Surian, L. (2006) · Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310139.003.0009 · Cited by 3
Vithlani, P. P. (2010) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 3
Narrative Discourse and Sociocognitive Abilities of a Child With Cri-du-Chat Syndrome
Albano, S., Piccardi, L., Pizzamiglio, M., Volpe, C., & D'Amico, S. (2013) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2011.639409 · Cited by 3
“According to some authors, ToM is one of the many modules that constitute mental architecture, and it is assumed to mature independently of language acquisition, cognition-first hypothesis (Leslie, 1994).”
BackgroundSmith, C. S. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511615108.002 · Cited by 3
Talk About Motion: The Semantic Representation of Verbs by Motion Dynamics
Cannon, E. N., & Cohen, P. R. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553242.003.0011 · Cited by 3
“of physical or mechanical causality (Leslie, 1994; Premack, 1990).”
Training a Bayesian: Three-and-a-half-year-olds' Reasoning about Ambiguous Evidence
Bonawitz, E. B., Fischer, A. S., & Schulz, L. (2008) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 3
Samson, A. C. (2008) · reroDoc Digital Library · Cited by 3
Entwicklung der Theory of Mind in der Kindheit
Sodian, B. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-27241-0_5 · Cited by 3
AIDS Counseling for Low-Risk Clients
Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153729.003.0005 · Cited by 2
Structured Imagination in Story Creation
Pavlik, L. (1997) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1997.tb00790.x · Cited by 3
Hast, M. (2011) · St Mary's University Repository (ULCC) · doi:10.17863/cam.16488 · Cited by 3
“Despite some controversy over this hypothesis, several other researchers sanction the existence of some form of core cognition system (e.g. Baillargeon, 1995, 2001; Carey, 2009; Carey & Sarnecka, 2006; Carey & Spelke, 1994, 1996; Karmiloff-Smith, 1992; Leslie, 1994).”
BackgroundDehumanization beliefs and indiscriminate aggression
McFaul, A. (2010) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3k074cm · Cited by 3
La interpretación teleológica de la conducta: la teoría infantil de la acción racional
Gergely, G., & Csibra, G. (1998) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1174/021037098760378784 · Cited by 3
Basic components of a face-to-face interaction with a conversational agent
Raidt, S., Bailly, G., & Elisei, F. (2005) · doi:10.1145/1107548.1107610 · Cited by 3
Clason, C. E. (1996) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 3
Cues to intention bias action perception toward the most efficient trajectory.Preprint
McDonough, K. L., Hudson, M., & Bach, P. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qwjtf · Cited by 3
“Both types of cues have been previously identified as the basis for attributing intentionality to observed agents in children (e.g., Baron-Cohen, 1995; Leslie, 1994; Morewedge et al., 2007; Rakison & Poulin-Dubois, 2001).”
BackgroundThe Relationship between Theory of Mind and Intelligence: A Formative g ApproachPreprint
Navarro, E., Goring, S. A., & Conway, A. R. A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yc2sk · Cited by 3
Leclercq, B. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/21ebf42ez22a2z4687z87e7z7fe60983c9dc · Cited by 4
The evolutionary foundations of common ground
Armstrong, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191967566.003.0005 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Leslie, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Leslie, Alan M.
- ORCID
- Leslie, Alan M.
- Venue
- Mapping the Mind
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1994-04-29
- Pages
- 119-148
- OpenAlex
- W1709947398
- Cited by
- 1,105
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 31.02
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- agency, domain-specific learning, commonsense knowledge, conceptual development, TOMM, adaptive evolution, knowledge level
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
