The DOI matches its Crossref record; 193 of the 204 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa
Abstract
This book presents a theory to account for why and when politics revolves around one axis of social cleavage instead of another. It does so by examining the case of Zambia, where people identify themselves either as members of one of the country's seventy-three tribes or as members of one of its four principal language groups. The book accounts for the conditions under which Zambian political competition revolves around tribal differences and under which it revolves around language group differences. Drawing on a simple model of identity choice, it shows that the answer depends on whether the country operates under single-party or multi-party rule. During periods of single-party rule, tribal identities serve as the axis of electoral mobilization and self-identification; during periods of multi-party rule, broader language group identities play this role. The book thus demonstrates how formal institutional rules determine the kinds of social cleavages that matter in politics.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In Kenya, the relatively even balance among several major ethnic groups has generated incentives for shifting ethnic coalitions, with the principal parties reorganizing across cycles to match the size requirements of presidential electoral competition.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
In the citing paper
“Posner argues that ethnic identities are politically mobilized when they correspond to the size at which electoral coalitions can be efficiently constructed within the prevailing institutional rules.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
In the citing paper
“In Sierra Leone, the partial north-south ethnic division has stabilized two-party competition around regional bases while generating intense competition for non-aligned swing voters through clientelist mobilization.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
In the citing paper
“In Ghana, the relatively balanced two-party system and the absence of a single dominant ethnic group have generated incentives for both major parties to construct broad cross-ethnic coalitions, with programmatic differentiation serving as the basis for competition where ethnic appeals would be insufficient.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
In the citing paper
“In small-scale electoral arenas, sub-ethnic identities are mobilized; in larger arenas, broader ethnolinguistic categories become salient.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
Citations
Cites
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance
North, D. C. (1990) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808678 · Cited by 32,691
An Economic Theory of Democracy.
Banfield, E. C., & Downs, A. J. (1958) · Midwest Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2109186 · Cited by 18,558
Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy
Stern, F., & Putnam, R. D. (1993) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20045657 · Cited by 11,292
The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order
(1997) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/s0024-6301(97)80966-1 · Cited by 7,466
Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
FEARON, J. D., & LAITIN, D. D. (2003) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055403000534 · Cited by 7,366
Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition.
Ericson, J., & Dahl, R. A. (1972) · American Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2711442 · Cited by 7,179
Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms
Hall, P. A., & Taylor, R. C. R. (1996) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00343.x · Cited by 6,796
Social categorization and intergroup behaviour
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010202 · Cited by 5,562
Sacks, H. (1995) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444328301 · Cited by 5,429
Kuper, L., & Horowitz, D. L. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069338 · Cited by 4,891
Research works printed but not linked: 64
- Wright, 1994, One Drop of Blood, New Yorker, 25, 46
- Snelson, 1974, Educational Development in Northern Rhodesia, 1883–1945
- Throup, 1998, Multiparty Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta and Moi State and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Elections
- Richards, 1939, Land, Labour and Diet: An Economic Study of the Bemba Tribe
- Palmer, 1993, Towards Public Sector Reform: Final Report
- Varshney, 2002, Civic Life and Ethnic Conflict: Hindus and Muslims in India
- Okumu, 1969, The By-Election in Gem: An Assessment, East Africa Journal, 9
- Tordoff, 1974, Politics in Zambia, 10.1525/9780520320178 · DOI
- 1950–1959, Annual Reports
- Prins, 1980, The Hidden Hippopotamus: Reappraisal in African History: The Early Colonial Experience in Western Zambia
- Roberts, 1976, A History of Zambia
- 1998, Marcoeconomic Indicators
- Epstein, 1978, Ethos and Identity
- Helm, 1968, Essays on the Problem of Tribe
- Chwe, 2001, Rational Ritual: Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge
- Werbner, 1996, Post-colonial Identities in Africa
- Thomson, 1934, Memorandum on the Native Tribes and Tribal Areas of Northern Rhodesia
- Smith, 1979, Legislatures in Development
- Fearon, James D. 1999. “Why Ethnic Politics and ‘Pork’ Tend to Go Together.” Paper presented at the SSRC-MacArthur-sponsored conference on “Ethnic Politics and Democratic Stability,” University of Chicago, May 21–23
- Franklin, 1950, The Saucepan Special
- 1998, Killing the Vote: State Sponsored Violence and Flawed Elections in Kenya
- Annual Report on Native [African] Affairs
- Abernethy, 1969, The Political Dilemma of Popular Education
- Brelsford, 1965, The Tribes of Zambia
- Achen, 1995, Cross-Level Inference
- Cliffe, 1967, One Party Democracy
- 2002, World Development Report 2002: Building Institutions for Markets
- Turok, 1979, Development in Zambia
- Molteno, 1972, Zambia and the One-Party State, East Africa Journal, 6
- Wina, 1985, The Night Without a President
- Burawoy, 1972, The Colour of Class on the Copper Mines: From African Advancement to Zambianization
- Gertzel, 1984, The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia
- Riker, 1986, The Art of Political Manipulation
- Chipungu, 1992, Guardians in Their Time: Experiences of Zambians under Colonial Rule, 1890–1964
- Lemarchand, 1970, Rwanda and Burundi
- Colson, 1969, Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960
- Brown, 1986, Social Psychology
- Chipungu, 1992b, Guardians in Their Time: Experiences of Zambians under Colonial Rule, 1890–1964
- Collier, 2001, Ethnic Diversity: An Economic Analysis, Economic Policy, 129
- Chandra, Kanchan, ed. 2001. “Symposium: Cumulative Findings in the Study of Ethnic Politics.” APSA-CP 12 (Winter): 7–11
- Barker, 1996, Living as Equals
- Cohen, 1974, Urban Ethnicity
- Hay, 1947, Northern Rhodesia Learns to Read
- Franklin, 1974, The Flag-Wagger
- Henkel, 1985, Mission Stations in Zambia: Their Location and Diffusion Patterns, Zambian Geographical Journal, 35, 1
- Gertzel, 1984, The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia
- 1990, Republic of Zambia Census of Population and Housing
- Greig, 1985, Education in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland: Pre-Independence Period
- Brelsford, The Tribes of Zambia
- Gluckman, 1958, Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy: A Study of the Mambwe People of Northern Rhodesia
- Vail, 1989, The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
- Tordoff, 1974, Politics in Zambia, 10.1525/9780520320178 · DOI
- Gertzel, 1984, The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia
- Chipungu, 1992a, Guardians in Their Time: Experiences of Zambians under Colonial Rule, 1890–1964
- Gertzel, 1984, The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia
- Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2001. “Violent Choices in Civil War Contexts.” Paper prepared for presentation at the conference “Preferences, Choice and Uncertainty,” Davis Program on Economy, Justice and Society, University of California, May 18–19
- 10.1093/0198296452.001.0001 · DOI
- 1933, Report of the Northern Rhodesian Government Unemployment Committee
- Okema, 2000, Suddenly, This Election Is About Religion, The East African
- Ohannessian, 1978, Language in Zambia
- Ohannessian, 1978, Language in Zambia
- 1938, Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Financial and Economic Position of Northern Rhodesia
- Turner, 1974, Ethnomethodology
- Tordoff, 1974, Politics in Zambia, 10.1525/9780520320178 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,001
Identity and Political Behavior
Smith, C. W. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0190 · Cited by 1
Mahoney, M. R. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119063551.ch10 · Cited by 1
Reilly, B. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286874.003.0001 · Cited by 1
The Politics of Dignity: How Status Inequality shaped Redistributive Politics in IndiaPreprint
Chakrabarti, P. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3932850 · Cited by 1
The making (and unmaking) of Uganda's ethnic-based decentralization programme
Banjwa, A. (2022) · Working Paper Series · doi:10.35188/unu-wider/2022/300-0 · Cited by 1
Obiagu, U. C. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/k3kxcn · Cited by 1
Conteh, J. M., & Conteh, A. K. (2026) · European Journal of Political Science Studies · doi:10.46827/ejpss.v9i2.2225
Adida, C. L. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2054853
Raising Language and Lowering Voice? The Costs of Recognition in 'Democratic' CameroonPreprint
Albaugh, E. A. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1666955
The Ethnic Effect on Regime Stability
Birnir, J. K. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607530.007
Measurements and Other Methods Issues
Birnir, J. K. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607530.010
Conflict in Sub Saharan Africa: Is Ethnicity to Blame?Preprint
Oden-Kurz, L. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1944573
Koo, S. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2389946
Ethnic Cues and Redistributive Preferences in Post-Soviet Georgia
Radnitz, S. (2015) · Studies in Comparative International Development · doi:10.1007/s12116-015-9204-4
The Theory in Comparative Perspective
Tajima, Y. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139235716.009
Ethnic Similarity and Rivalry Relations
McCallister, G. L. (2014) · doi:10.12794/metadc700063
Birnir, J. K. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607530.008
(2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607530.011
Vote Buying is a Good Sign!Preprint
van Ham, C., & Lindberg, S. I. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2415227
Ethnic Attractors and Exogenous Constraints
Birnir, J. K. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607530.003
4 Political Engineering: Consociationalism, Centripetalism, and Communalism
Reilly, B. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286874.003.0004
Control: Responsibility and Risk (1964–1970)
Barton, S. J. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137390981_3
Birnir, J. K. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607530.006
Onoma, A. K. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139568135.006
5 Representative Institutions: Elections and Electoral Systems
Reilly, B. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286874.003.0005
3 Diversity, Democracy, and Development in the Asia‐Pacific
Reilly, B. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286874.003.0003
2 Democratization and Internal Conflict in the Asia‐Pacific
Reilly, B. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286874.003.0002
Introduction: The Ethnic Effect
Birnir, J. K. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607530.001
Birnir, J. K. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607530.009
Introduction: Ethnic Mobilization during Democratization
Piombo, J. (2009) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230623828_1
Birnir, J. K. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607530.004
6 Mediating Institutions: Political Parties and Party Systems
Reilly, B. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286874.003.0006
A Theory of Latino Partisanship: From Social to Political Identity
Cisneros, Á. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33969-6_3
Introduction: The Puzzle of Latino Partisanship
Cisneros, Á. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33969-6_1
Extending Social Policy and Participation
Garay, C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895835.003
Tribe Is Not a Component of Ethnicity
Sangmpam, S. N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50200-7_6
POLITICAL MARKETING: ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION PROCESS IN THE EVELOPMENT OF VOTING INTENTIONS
Ahmed, M. A. (2017) · IISES International Academic Conference · doi:10.20472/iac.2017.031.002
Postcolonial Sub-Saharan African Politics
Harbeson, J. W. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199846733-0057 · Cited by 1
Electoral and Party System Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
Backer, D., & Long, J. D. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0126
Political Science and the Study of Africa
Alence, R. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199846733-0082
Two Awakenings, One Process: Implications from the Sunni Realignment in Iraq, 2006-2007
Maye, D. L. (2018) · Special Operations Journal · doi:10.1080/23296151.2018.1459143
Citizens and Elites in African Politics
Andrews, S. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/699332
Explaining the Impact of Non-state Security, Victimization, and Insecurity on Voting in South Africa
Kushner, D. C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98095-9_6
Executive turnovers in sub-Saharan Africa
Damore, D. F., & Kuenzi, M. T. (2019) · International Area Studies Review · doi:10.1177/2233865918822260
Anthropology and Africanist Political Science
Kramon, E. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119251521.ch18
Foreign Military Occupations and Ethnicity
Compel, R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0242-8_18-1
Toje, M. (2019) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.4936
Ethnicity as Uncertainty Reducing Behavior
Claeson, B. (2014) · Politikon IAPSS Journal of Political Science · doi:10.22151/politikon.24.3
Bollen, P. H., Halterman, A., & Read, B. M. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3383710
Tracing Political Preferences and Party Organization in Argentina and Chile
Calvo, E. F., & Murillo, M. V. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683708.004
The Impact of Elections on Democracy
Bleck, J., & van de Walle, N. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316676936.003
Crossing Over: Essays on Ethnic Parties, Electoral Politics, and Ethnic Social Conflict
Stewart, B. (2017) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1011838
Główne determinanty zarządzania etnopolityką w państwach Europy Wschodniej
Karolak-Michalska, M. (2019) · Przedsiębiorczość Międzynarodowa · doi:10.15678/ier.2019.0501.06
Political Parties and Electoral Competition
Bleck, J., & van de Walle, N. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316676936.004
Scramble For Africa And Its Legacy
Michalopoulos, S., & Papaioannou, E. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_3041
The Organization of Civic Life
Paller, J. W. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108578721.007
Bleck, J., & van de Walle, N. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316676936.008
Calvo, E. F., & Murillo, M. V. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683708.002
Democracy, Development, and Daily Life
Paller, J. W. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108578721.002
Moi, the Provincial Administration, and Multiparty Elections
Hassan, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108858960.008
Elite Incorporation and the Diversity of the State
Hassan, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108858960.005
The Provincial Administration under President Kenyatta
Hassan, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108858960.006
The Origins of the Kenyan State
Hassan, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108858960.004
The Provincial Administration during President Moi’s Autocratic Years
Hassan, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108858960.007
Kibaki and the Provincial Administration
Hassan, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108858960.009
Non-Policy Politics and Electoral Responsiveness
Calvo, E. F., & Murillo, M. V. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683708.011
Candidates and Electoral Campaigns
Bleck, J., & van de Walle, N. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316676936.005
A Theory of Land and Electoral Violence
Klaus, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108764063.002
Colonial Origins of Parliaments in Kenya and Zambia
Opalo, K. O. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108684651.006
Habyarimana, J., Houser, D. E., Khemani, S., Brech, V., Choi, G. S., & Roy, M. (2020) · Economic and Political Studies · doi:10.1080/20954816.2020.1837335
Ethnic Conflict and the UN Sustainable Development Goals
Wakelin, E. (2021) · Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95960-3_26
Inclusion and Partisan Representation
Dunning, T., & Novaes, L. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895835.008
Inclusion, Populism, and Democracy
Seawright, J., & Barrenechea, R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895835.016
Messanga, G. A., & NGONGUEU, S. N. (2021) · International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science · doi:10.47772/ijriss.2021.5102
Dunning, T., & Novaes, L. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108895835.010
Voters’ Preferences and Parties’ Electoral Offers
Calvo, E. F., & Murillo, M. V. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683708.007
Calvo, E. F., & Murillo, M. V. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683708.010
Ruling Party Credibility and the Management of Elites
Morse, Y. L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108596817.006
The Political History of Urbanization in Ghana
Paller, J. W. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108578721.004
Credible Parties, International Patrons, and Electoral Authoritarian Competition
Morse, Y. L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108596817.003
Auerbach, A. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108649377.004
Cyr, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316987124.004
Contentious Land Narratives and the Escalation of Violence
Klaus, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108764063.006
Elite Control and Legislative Development
Opalo, K. O. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108684651.007
List of Interviews and Focus Groups
Lewis, J. I. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108855969.009
Intra-Elite Politics and Credible Commitment
Opalo, K. O. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108684651.005
Ruling Party Credibility and the Sources of Voter Support
Morse, Y. L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108596817.007
Electoral Politics and Legislative Independence
Opalo, K. O. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108684651.009
Why Party Worker Networks Spread Unevenly Across Settlements
Auerbach, A. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108649377.007
Other Books in the Series (continued from page iii)
Auerbach, A. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108649377.013
Interview Protocol and List of Interviews
Klaus, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108764063.010
Party Workers and Public Goods Provision
Auerbach, A. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108649377.006
Auerbach, A. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108649377.005
How Party Worker Networks Impact Local Development
Auerbach, A. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108649377.003
Fieldwork in the Context of Communal Conflicts
Krause, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108675079.004
Land Inequality and Land Narratives: Theory and Evidence
Klaus, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108764063.004
Targeting Patronage in Argentina and Chile
Calvo, E. F., & Murillo, M. V. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683708.009
Appendix with List of Cited Politicians
Calvo, E. F., & Murillo, M. V. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683708.019
(Non-)Violence and Civilian Agency in Jos, Nigeria
Krause, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108675079.008
Metadata
- Authors
- Posner, D. N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Posner, Daniel N.
- ORCID
- Posner, Daniel N.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2005-06-06
- OpenAlex
- W4211113828
- Cited by
- 1,113
- References
- 204
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 21.66
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › African Studies and Ethnography
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Keywords
- ethnic politics, social cleavages, tribal identity, language groups, identity choice, one-party rule, voter mobilization, political institutions, Zambia, ethnic voting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review