The DOI matches its Crossref record; 193 of the 204 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa
Abstract
This book presents a theory to account for why and when politics revolves around one axis of social cleavage instead of another. It does so by examining the case of Zambia, where people identify themselves either as members of one of the country's seventy-three tribes or as members of one of its four principal language groups. The book accounts for the conditions under which Zambian political competition revolves around tribal differences and under which it revolves around language group differences. Drawing on a simple model of identity choice, it shows that the answer depends on whether the country operates under single-party or multi-party rule. During periods of single-party rule, tribal identities serve as the axis of electoral mobilization and self-identification; during periods of multi-party rule, broader language group identities play this role. The book thus demonstrates how formal institutional rules determine the kinds of social cleavages that matter in politics.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In Kenya, the relatively even balance among several major ethnic groups has generated incentives for shifting ethnic coalitions, with the principal parties reorganizing across cycles to match the size requirements of presidential electoral competition.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
In the citing paper
“Posner argues that ethnic identities are politically mobilized when they correspond to the size at which electoral coalitions can be efficiently constructed within the prevailing institutional rules.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
In the citing paper
“In Sierra Leone, the partial north-south ethnic division has stabilized two-party competition around regional bases while generating intense competition for non-aligned swing voters through clientelist mobilization.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
In the citing paper
“In Ghana, the relatively balanced two-party system and the absence of a single dominant ethnic group have generated incentives for both major parties to construct broad cross-ethnic coalitions, with programmatic differentiation serving as the basis for competition where ethnic appeals would be insufficient.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
In the citing paper
“In small-scale electoral arenas, sub-ethnic identities are mobilized; in larger arenas, broader ethnolinguistic categories become salient.”
From THE LIMITS OF ELECTORAL COMPETITION: HOW POLITICAL OPENINGS CAN FUEL PATRONAGE AND INSTABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIERRA LEONE, GHANA, AND KENYA (2026) · cites this paper as Posner's (2005)
Citations
Cites
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance
North, D. C. (1990) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808678 · Cited by 32,691
An Economic Theory of Democracy.
Banfield, E. C., & Downs, A. J. (1958) · Midwest Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2109186 · Cited by 18,558
Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy
Stern, F., & Putnam, R. D. (1993) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20045657 · Cited by 11,292
The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order
(1997) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/s0024-6301(97)80966-1 · Cited by 7,466
Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
FEARON, J. D., & LAITIN, D. D. (2003) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055403000534 · Cited by 7,366
Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition.
Ericson, J., & Dahl, R. A. (1972) · American Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2711442 · Cited by 7,179
Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms
Hall, P. A., & Taylor, R. C. R. (1996) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00343.x · Cited by 6,796
Social categorization and intergroup behaviour
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010202 · Cited by 5,562
Sacks, H. (1995) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444328301 · Cited by 5,429
Kuper, L., & Horowitz, D. L. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069338 · Cited by 4,891
From Mobilization to Revolution
Stearns, P. N., & Tilly, C. (1979) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1855671 · Cited by 4,583
Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals
Robinson, W. S. (1950) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2087176 · Cited by 4,547
The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly
Bayart, J.-F. (2009) · HAL · Cited by 2,862
Party Systems and Voter Alignments. Cross National Perspectives
Birnbaum, P., Lipset, S. M., & Rokkan, S. (1968) · Revue Française de Sociologie · doi:10.2307/3320570 · Cited by 2,802
Incentives to cultivate a personal vote: A rank ordering of electoral formulas
Carey, J. M., & Shugart, M. S. (1995) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/0261-3794(94)00035-2 · Cited by 2,686
Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
Levine, A., & Scott, J. C. (1999) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2655340 · Cited by 2,464
Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism
Woodward, P. (1997) · African Affairs · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007834 · Cited by 2,354
Micromotives and Macrobehavior.
Connolly, T., & Schelling, T. C. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2989930 · Cited by 2,061
Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument
Gerhart, G. M., Chabal, P., & Daloz, J. (1999) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20049597 · Cited by 2,005
Shugart, M. S., & Carey, J. M. (1992) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173988 · Cited by 2,004
The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
Pierre, A. J., & Huntington, S. P. (1992) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20045138 · Cited by 1,766
Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies
Rimmer, D., & Bates, R. H. (1982) · African Economic History · doi:10.2307/3601228 · Cited by 1,728
Explaining Interethnic Cooperation
Fearon, J. D., & Laitin, D. D. (1996) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2945838 · Cited by 1,620
The Theory of Political Coalitions.
Hotz, A. J., & Riker, W. H. (1963) · Midwest Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2109034 · Cited by 1,546
Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement
Ekeh, P. P. (1975) · Comparative Studies in Society and History · doi:10.1017/s0010417500007659 · Cited by 1,508
Waters, M. C. (1990) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520354616 · Cited by 1,407
Popkin, S. L. (1979) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/bf00158397 · Cited by 1,284
(2015) · Pluto Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt183p5d4.11 · Cited by 1,213
The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
Gerhart, G. M., Prunier, G., & Destexhe, A. (1996) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20047641 · Cited by 1,208
Mendelberg, T. (2001) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400889181 · Cited by 1,148
Chandra, K. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108573481 · Cited by 1,087
Ethnicity: Theory and Experience.
Newman, W. M., Glazer, N., & Moynihan, D. P. (1976) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2576205 · Cited by 977
Private truths, public lies: the social consequences of preference falsification
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-3038 · Cited by 946
Horowitz, D. L. (2001) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520342057 · Cited by 944
POSNER, D. N. (2004) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055404041334 · Cited by 940
Self-citationCustom and Politics in Urban Africa
Cohen, A. (1969) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520314153 · Cited by 841
Tambiah, S. J. (1976) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558184 · Cited by 811
Southern Politics in State and Nation
Hesseltine, W. B., Key, V. O., & Heard, A. (1950) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1841217 · Cited by 807
Law, Custom and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia
Vincent, J., & Chanock, M. (1986) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/219141 · Cited by 763
Wilkinson, S. I. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511510458 · Cited by 745
Rational Ritual: Culture, Co-ordination and Common Knowledge
Chwe, M. S., & Rouchier, J. (2001) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 744
Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe
Petersen, R. D. (2002) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511840661 · Cited by 740
We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: stories from Rwanda
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-3473 · Cited by 685
Democracy in Divided Societies
Reilly, B. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511491108 · Cited by 629
The dynamics of ethnic competition and conflict
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5890 · Cited by 621
The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
Voeltz, R. A. (1990) · History Reviews of New Books · doi:10.1080/03612759.1990.9945715 · Cited by 569
Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt
Gerhart, G. M., & Ferguson, J. (2000) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20049872 · Cited by 536
Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem: Reconstructing Individual Behavior from Aggregate Data
King, G. (1997) · ICPSR Data Holdings · doi:10.3886/icpsr01132 · Cited by 507
The Politics of Cultural Pluralism.
Southall, A., & Young, C. (1978) · Man · doi:10.2307/2801108 · Cited by 504
Postcolonial identities in Africa
Vale, P. C. J. (1997) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2624534 · Cited by 462
Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison.
Nandi, P. K., & Brass, P. R. (1995) · International Migration Review · doi:10.2307/2546808 · Cited by 453
The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective
Young, C., & Brown, W. H. (1995) · History Reviews of New Books · doi:10.1080/03612759.1995.9949208 · Cited by 448
A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Quantitative Literature on Civil War
Sambanis, N. (2002) · Defence and Peace Economics · doi:10.1080/10242690210976 · Cited by 434
Social Networks in Urban Situations: Analyses of Personal Relationships in Central African Towns.
Mayer, P., & Mitchell, J. C. (1970) · Man · doi:10.2307/2799142 · Cited by 431
Civil wars, insecurity, and intervention
Walter, B. F., & Snyder, J. (1999) · Cited by 393
State versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas
Makidi, K.-N., Rothchild, D. S., & Olorunsola, V. A. (1986) · Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines · doi:10.2307/484474 · Cited by 393
Contra Contractarianism: Some Reflections on the New Institutionalism
Bates, R. H. (1988) · Politics & Society · doi:10.1177/003232928801600207 · Cited by 360
The World Bank: Its First Half Century
Thurow, L. C., Kapur, D., Lewis, J. P., & Webb, R. (1998) · Foreign Policy · doi:10.2307/1149287 · Cited by 348
The Electoral Cycle and Institutional Sources of Divided Presidential Government
Shugart, M. S. (1995) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2082428 · Cited by 344
Language Repertoires and State Construction in Africa
Laitin, D. D. (1992) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511666759 · Cited by 344
The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of Census Classifications
Hirschman, C. (1987) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.2307/2056899 · Cited by 332
Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change among the Yoruba
Adewole, L. O., & Laitin, D. D. (1987) · African Studies Review · doi:10.2307/524514 · Cited by 313
State, conflict, and democracy in Africa
Joseph, R. A. (1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-2411 · Cited by 310
The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya
Haugerud, A. (1995) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139166690 · Cited by 306
Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Rationality
Varshney, A. (2003) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592703000069 · Cited by 292
Identity in formation: the Russian-speaking populations in the near abroad
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-1823 · Cited by 290
The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State
Whitaker, J. S., Young, C., & Turner, T. R. (1985) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20042662 · Cited by 274
Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa.
Geiger, S., & Fields, K. E. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2071030 · Cited by 267
what is a Malay? situational selection of ethnic identity in a plural society
Nagata, J. A. (1974) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1525/ae.1974.1.2.02a00080 · Cited by 263
Ethnic Conflict and International Security
(1994) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691186955 · Cited by 258
Politics in an Urban African Community
Untermyer, F., & Epstein, A. L. (1959) · The Western Political Quarterly · doi:10.2307/443810 · Cited by 254
(1999) · doi:10.1093/0198296452.001.0001 · Cited by 242
The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya
Widner, J. A. (1992) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520911857 · Cited by 233
The politics of independent Kenya, 1963-8
Gertzel, C. (1970) · Cited by 227
The Nature of Class Domination in Africa
Sklar, R. L. (1979) · The Journal of Modern African Studies · doi:10.1017/s0022278x00007448 · Cited by 216
Treisman, D. S. (1999) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.3998/mpub.16246 · Cited by 214
Kasfir, N. (1976) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520315617 · Cited by 213
Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria
Diamond, L. J. (1988) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-08080-9 · Cited by 211
Two Dimensional Man: An Essay on the Anthropology of Power and Symbolism in Complex Society.
Turner, V. W., & Cohen, A. (1975) · Man · doi:10.2307/2801201 · Cited by 196
Identity transformation and identity politics under structural adjustment in Nigeria
Jega, A. M. (2000) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) · Cited by 195
Explaining Ethnic Political Participation
Kasfir, N. (1979) · World Politics · doi:10.2307/2009994 · Cited by 195
Bantu: Modern Grammatical, Phonetical and Lexicographical Studies Since 1860
Doke, C. M. (2017) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 195
Electoral Systems and Conflict in Divided Societies
National Research Council (1999) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/9434 · Cited by 189
Crook, R. (1997) · African Affairs · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007826 · Cited by 187
Structural Characteristics of Cities and the Severity of Racial Disorders
Spilerman, S. (1976) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094726 · Cited by 181
The Nationalities question in the post-Soviet states
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-4748 · Cited by 180
National revivals and violence
Laitin, D. D. (1995) · European Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1017/s0003975600007098 · Cited by 177
Politics and Public Policy in Kenya and Tanzania
Whitaker, J. S., & Barkan, J. D. (1985) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20042562 · Cited by 175
Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa
Widner, J. A. (1994) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.56021/9780801847585 · Cited by 173
The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia
Parpart, J. L., Gertzel, C., Baylies, C., & Szeftel, M. (1985) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/218823 · Cited by 172
Elections and Politics in Single-party Systems: the Case of Kenya and Tanzania
Hydén, G., & Leys, C. (1972) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123400008784 · Cited by 171
Personal Rule: Theory and Practice in Africa
Jackson, R. H., & Rosberg, C. G. (1984) · Comparative Politics · doi:10.2307/421948 · Cited by 170
Ethnicity and Politics in Ghana
Chazan, N. H. (1982) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2149995 · Cited by 169
Disengagement from the State in Africa: Reflections on the Experience of Ghana and Guinea
Azarya, V., & Chazan, N. H. (1987) · Comparative Studies in Society and History · doi:10.1017/s0010417500014377 · Cited by 166
The Transformation of Property Rights in the Gold Coast
Firmin-Sellers, K. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511584855 · Cited by 165
The Tower of Babel as a Coordination Game: Political Linguistics in Ghana
Laitin, D. D. (1994) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2944799 · Cited by 152
One for all: the logic of group conflict
Gow, J. (1996) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2624367 · Cited by 151
Politicization of Ethnic Identities in Sierra Leone
Kandeh, J. D. (1992) · African Studies Review · doi:10.2307/524446 · Cited by 143
White by Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana.
Gullick, C. J. M. R., & Domínguez, V. R. (1987) · Man · doi:10.2307/2803370 · Cited by 141
African Ambiguities: “No-party Democracy” in Uganda
Kasfir, N. (1998) · Journal of democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.1998.0029 · Cited by 135
Social Change: The Colonial Situation.
Ness, G. D., & Wallerstein, I. M. (1966) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2090798 · Cited by 132
Beyond the Miracle of the Market: The Political Economy of Agrarian Development in Kenya
Holmquist, F., & Bates, R. H. (1990) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/219512 · Cited by 129
Železa, P. T., Moore, H. L., & Vaughan, M. (1995) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/221640 · Cited by 126
Politics in Sierra Leone 1947-1967
Cartwright, J. (1970) · University of Toronto Press eBooks · doi:10.3138/9781442652552 · Cited by 126
Tradition and Transition in East Africa
Gulliver, P. H. (1969) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520326637 · Cited by 124
The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa; the Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964
Symonds, R. (1966) · African Affairs · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095540 · Cited by 121
Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Class in Africa : A Retrospective.
Young, M. C. (1986) · Cahiers d études africaines · doi:10.3406/cea.1986.1711 · Cited by 119
Incentives and behaviour in the ethnic politics of Sri Lanka and Malaysia
Horiwitz, D. L. (1989) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436598908420189 · Cited by 117
An essay on the economics of detribalization in Northern Rhodesia
Wilson, G. (1941) · Cited by 111
A history of Northern Rhodesia : early days to 1953
Gann, L. H. (1964) · Chatto & Windus eBooks · Cited by 111
African Ambiguities: Kenya Tries Again
Barkan, J. D., & Ng’ethe, N. (1998) · Journal of democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.1998.0022 · Cited by 109
Kolstø, P. (2002) · Cited by 109
Top-Down Democratization in Tanzania
Hydén, G. (1999) · Journal of democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.1999.0066 · Cited by 104
Gann, L. H. (1982) · Cited by 102
Reaction to Colonialism: A Prelude to the Politics of Independence in Northern Zambia, 1893-1939.
Rathbone, R. R., & Meebelo, H. S. (1973) · Man · doi:10.2307/2800668 · Cited by 100
Ethnicity In The Electoral Process: The 1992 General Elections In Kenya
Oyugi, W. O. (1997) · African Journal of Political Science · Cited by 99
Urbanization and Kinship: The Domestic Domain on the Copperbelt of Zambia 1950-1956
Brokensha, D. W., & Epstein, A. L. (1983) · Man · doi:10.2307/2801783 · Cited by 99
Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt
Kubicek, R. V., & Parpart, J. L. (1984) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/89.5.1373 · Cited by 99
Political Identities and Electoral Sequences: Spain, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia
Stepan, A. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199242702.003.0011 · Cited by 98
Cities, society and social perception: A Central African perspective
Potts, D. (1988) · Cities · doi:10.1016/0264-2751(88)90057-1 · Cited by 97
Political graft and the spoils system in Zambia — the state as a resource in itself
Szeftel, M. (1982) · Review of African Political Economy · doi:10.1080/03056248208703496 · Cited by 94
African voters at the polls: A re‐examination of the role of elections in African politics
Chazan, N. H. (1979) · The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics · doi:10.1080/14662047908447328 · Cited by 93
Tordoff, W., Molteno, R., Gupta, A., Rasmussen, T., Scott, I., & Sklar, R. L. (1974) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520320178 · Cited by 91
Ferguson, J. (1990) · Journal of Southern African Studies · doi:10.1080/03057079008708243 · Cited by 90
Zambia: the politics of independence
Hill, C. R. (1968) · African Affairs · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095740 · Cited by 86
The historiography of transition on the Zambian copperbelt — another view
Macmillan, H. (1993) · Journal of Southern African Studies · doi:10.1080/03057079308708379 · Cited by 85
The Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia.
Williams, C., & Colson, E. (1963) · The Journal of Negro Education · doi:10.2307/2294396 · Cited by 85
Ethnic Politics, Representative Bureaucracy and Development Administration: The Zambian Case
Dresang, D. L. (1974) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1959945 · Cited by 84
The Politics of Cultural Performance.
Aguilar, M. I., Parkin, D. J., Caplan, L., & Fisher, H. J. (1997) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.2307/3034816 · Cited by 84
The Kalela Dance / La danse du kalela
Mitchell, J. C. (1996) · Enquête · doi:10.4000/enquete.933 · Cited by 82
Barkan, J. D. (1976) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1959649 · Cited by 78
Economic Independence and Zambian Copper. A Case Study of Foreign Investment.
Faber, M. L. O., Bostock, M., & Harvey, C. (1972) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2231347 · Cited by 76
Radio time sharing and the negotiation of linguistic pluralism in Zambia
Vidali, D. S. (2015) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.2.3.12spi · Cited by 73
Nationalism, Ethnicity and Religion: Fundamental Conflicts and the Politics of Identity in Tanzania
Campbell, J. (1999) · Nations and Nationalism · doi:10.1111/j.1354-5078.1999.00105.x · Cited by 73
Hooker, J. R., & Sklar, R. L. (1976) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/217419 · Cited by 72
Uganda now: between decay and development
Fyfe, C. (1989) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2621798 · Cited by 72
Zambia 1890-1964: The Colonial Period
Hall, R. S. (1976) · Cited by 68
Some Conventional Orthodoxies in the Study of Agrarian Change
Bates, R. H. (1984) · World Politics · doi:10.2307/2010233 · Cited by 66
The Local Politics of Rural Development: Peasant and Party-State in Zambia
Fincham, R., & Bratton, M. (1983) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/217947 · Cited by 65
India's Preferential Policies: Migrants, the Middle Classes, and Ethnic Equality.
N., M., Weiner, M., Katzenstein, M. F., & Rao, K. V. N. (1982) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/1973015 · Cited by 64
Guardians in their time : experiences of Zambians under colonial rule 1890-1964
Chipungu, S. N. (1992) · Cited by 62
Elections in Independent Africa
Shaw, T. M., & Hayward, F. M. (1987) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/219666 · Cited by 61
Rural Economic Development in Zambia 1890-1964
Miller, R., & Hellen, J. A. (1970) · Geographical Journal · doi:10.2307/1796315 · Cited by 60
Duignan, P. J., & Prins, G. (1981) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/86.3.630-a · Cited by 60
National Integration and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Societies
Kolstø, P. (2002) · Rowman & Littlefield Publishers eBooks · doi:10.5771/9781461639459 · Cited by 60
Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures
Leakey, R. E. F., & Morell, V. (2001) · Cited by 58
Elections and Coups in Sierra Leone, 1967
Fisher, H. J. (1969) · The Journal of Modern African Studies · doi:10.1017/s0022278x00018863 · Cited by 57
A Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages
(1919) · Nature · doi:10.1038/104129a0 · Cited by 56
THE CHURCH, LABOUR AND THE PRESS IN ZAMBIA: THE ROLE OF CRITICAL OBSERVERS IN A ONE-PARTY STATE
Lungu, G. F. (1986) · African Affairs · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097798 · Cited by 55
Glazer, N., Greeley, A. M., Patterson, O., & Moynihan, D. P. (1974) · Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences · doi:10.2307/3822652 · Cited by 53
Grassroots Politics in an African State: Integration and Development in Sierra Leone
Cartwright, J., & Barrows, W. L. (1977) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/216913 · Cited by 52
Moubray, J. M. (1912) · Constable eBooks · doi:10.5479/sil.311141.39088000770891 · Cited by 52
Peasant differentiation and rural party politics in colonial Zambia
Momba, J. C. (1985) · Journal of Southern African Studies · doi:10.1080/03057078508708100 · Cited by 48
Agbese, P. O. (1996) · Africa Today · Cited by 47
Scenes from African Urban Life: Collected Copperbelt Papers
Epstein, A. L. (1992) · Cited by 47
Elections and political change in Kenya
Hornsby, C., & Throup, D. W. (1992) · The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics · doi:10.1080/14662049208447631 · Cited by 46
Apthorpe, R. (1968) · Transition · doi:10.2307/2934295 · Cited by 46
Democracy in Zambia : challenges for the Third Republic
Sichone, O., Chikulo, B. C., & Sapes Trust (1996) · SAPES Books · Cited by 45
Johnston, H. (1897) · Edward Arnold eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.149830 · Cited by 44
State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa
Joseph, R. (1998) · Lynne Rienner Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781685851828 · Cited by 44
Tanzania's 1995 Multi-Party Elections
van Cranenburgh, O. (1996) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068896002004006 · Cited by 43
Changing Electoral Patterns in Sierra Leone: The 1982 Single-Party Elections
Hayward, F. M., & Dumbuya, A. R. (1985) · African Studies Review · doi:10.2307/524524 · Cited by 42
Modern Industry and the African
Davis, J. M. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429025549 · Cited by 42
The rise of a Zambian capitalist class in the 1970s
Baylies, C., & Szeftel, M. (1982) · Journal of Southern African Studies · doi:10.1080/03057078208708042 · Cited by 42
Ethnicity, elections and democracy in Trinidad and Tobago: Analysing the 1995 and 1996 elections
Premdas, R. R., & Ragoonath, B. (1998) · Commonwealth and Comparative Politics · doi:10.1080/14662049808447774 · Cited by 42
Protestant Mission Education in Zambia, 1880-1954
Berman, E. H., & Ragsdale, J. P. (1988) · History of Education Quarterly · doi:10.2307/368289 · Cited by 41
Labour, Race and Colonial Rule: The Copperbelt from 1924 to Independence
Hooker, J. R., & Berger, E. L. (1975) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/217186 · Cited by 41
Kenya's 'little general election'
Bennett, G. (1966) · The World Today: Chatham House Review · Cited by 40
Research report: The study of ethnic alignment: A new technique and an application in Malaysia
Banton, M., & Mansor, M. N. (1992) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.1992.9993765 · Cited by 40
Rural Responses to Industrialization: a study of village Zambia
ROBERTS, A. (1977) · African Affairs · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096853 · Cited by 40
Participatory democracy in Zambia: The political economy of national development
Ollawa, P. E. (1979) · Cited by 38
The African Native and the Rhodesian Copper Mines
Spearpoint, F. (1937) · Journal of the Royal African Society · Cited by 37
Hellen, J. A., & Kay, G. (1967) · Geographical Journal · doi:10.2307/1794521 · Cited by 36
The unit of study and the interpretation of ethnicity
van Binsbergen, W. M. J. (1981) · Journal of Southern African Studies · doi:10.1080/03057078108708034 · Cited by 34
A social survey of the African population of Livingstone
McCulloch, M. (1956) · Cited by 33
The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society
Parpart, J. L. (1984) · The International Journal of African Historical Studies · doi:10.2307/218538 · Cited by 33
Ethnicity: The African Experience
den Berghe, V., & Pierre, L. (1971) · International Social Science Journal · Cited by 32
‘Tribes’ and the people who read books: managing history in colonial Zambia
Crehan, K. (1997) · Journal of Southern African Studies · doi:10.1080/03057079708708533 · Cited by 31
Labour and the state: The case of Zambia's mineworkers union*
Gertzel, C. (1975) · The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics · doi:10.1080/14662047508447244 · Cited by 30
Ashbaugh, L. (1996) · University Microfilms International eBooks · Cited by 29
Numerical data on African dwellers in Lusaka, Northern Rhodesia
Bettison, D. G. (1959) · Rhodes-Livingstone Institute eBooks · Cited by 29
The Mulobezi-Mongu Labour Route
Philpot, R. (1945) · The Rhodes-Livingstone Journal · Cited by 28
Luo ethnic factor in the 1979 and 1983 elections in Bondo and Gem, Kenya
Alila, P. O. (1984) · OpenDocs (Institute of Development Studies) · Cited by 27
Parties and elections in Africa
Luke, D. (1985) · The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics · doi:10.1080/14662048508447464 · Cited by 27
Kashoki, M. E. (1997) · Cited by 27
The Analysis of Social Class, Political Participation and Public Policy in Zambia
Scarritt, J. R. (1983) · Africa Today · Cited by 27
Zambia's final experience of inter-party elections: the by-elections of December 1971
Gertzel, C. (1972) · Kroniek van Afrika · Cited by 26
Zambia Democratic Governance Project Political Attitudes Survey, 1993 and 1996
Bratton, M. (1998) · ICPSR Data Holdings · doi:10.3886/icpsr02232.v1 · Cited by 25
A Pathfinder in South Central Africa: A Story of Pioneer Missionary Work and Adventure
Chapman, W. H. H. (2018) · Cited by 25
Kenya's Little General Election
Koff, D. (1966) · Africa report · Cited by 25
The Elections in Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania, 20 October 2000
Commonwealth Observer Group (2001) · Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group · doi:10.14217/9781848597518-en · Cited by 25
Native Treasuries in Northern Rhodesia
Carey-Jones, N. S. (1944) · The Rhodes-Livingstone Journal · Cited by 24
Latham, A. J. H., & Perrings, C. A. (1980) · The Economic History Review · doi:10.2307/2595872 · Cited by 18
Research works printed but not linked: 64
- Wright, 1994, One Drop of Blood, New Yorker, 25, 46
- Snelson, 1974, Educational Development in Northern Rhodesia, 1883–1945
- Throup, 1998, Multiparty Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta and Moi State and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Elections
- Richards, 1939, Land, Labour and Diet: An Economic Study of the Bemba Tribe
- Palmer, 1993, Towards Public Sector Reform: Final Report
- Varshney, 2002, Civic Life and Ethnic Conflict: Hindus and Muslims in India
- Okumu, 1969, The By-Election in Gem: An Assessment, East Africa Journal, 9
- Tordoff, 1974, Politics in Zambia, 10.1525/9780520320178 · DOI
- 1950–1959, Annual Reports
- Prins, 1980, The Hidden Hippopotamus: Reappraisal in African History: The Early Colonial Experience in Western Zambia
- Roberts, 1976, A History of Zambia
- 1998, Marcoeconomic Indicators
- Epstein, 1978, Ethos and Identity
- Helm, 1968, Essays on the Problem of Tribe
- Chwe, 2001, Rational Ritual: Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge
- Werbner, 1996, Post-colonial Identities in Africa
- Thomson, 1934, Memorandum on the Native Tribes and Tribal Areas of Northern Rhodesia
- Smith, 1979, Legislatures in Development
- Fearon, James D. 1999. “Why Ethnic Politics and ‘Pork’ Tend to Go Together.” Paper presented at the SSRC-MacArthur-sponsored conference on “Ethnic Politics and Democratic Stability,” University of Chicago, May 21–23
- Franklin, 1950, The Saucepan Special
- 1998, Killing the Vote: State Sponsored Violence and Flawed Elections in Kenya
- Annual Report on Native [African] Affairs
- Abernethy, 1969, The Political Dilemma of Popular Education
- Brelsford, 1965, The Tribes of Zambia
- Achen, 1995, Cross-Level Inference
- Cliffe, 1967, One Party Democracy
- 2002, World Development Report 2002: Building Institutions for Markets
- Turok, 1979, Development in Zambia
- Molteno, 1972, Zambia and the One-Party State, East Africa Journal, 6
- Wina, 1985, The Night Without a President
- Burawoy, 1972, The Colour of Class on the Copper Mines: From African Advancement to Zambianization
- Gertzel, 1984, The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia
- Riker, 1986, The Art of Political Manipulation
- Chipungu, 1992, Guardians in Their Time: Experiences of Zambians under Colonial Rule, 1890–1964
- Lemarchand, 1970, Rwanda and Burundi
- Colson, 1969, Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960
- Brown, 1986, Social Psychology
- Chipungu, 1992b, Guardians in Their Time: Experiences of Zambians under Colonial Rule, 1890–1964
- Collier, 2001, Ethnic Diversity: An Economic Analysis, Economic Policy, 129
- Chandra, Kanchan, ed. 2001. “Symposium: Cumulative Findings in the Study of Ethnic Politics.” APSA-CP 12 (Winter): 7–11
- Barker, 1996, Living as Equals
- Cohen, 1974, Urban Ethnicity
- Hay, 1947, Northern Rhodesia Learns to Read
- Franklin, 1974, The Flag-Wagger
- Henkel, 1985, Mission Stations in Zambia: Their Location and Diffusion Patterns, Zambian Geographical Journal, 35, 1
- Gertzel, 1984, The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia
- 1990, Republic of Zambia Census of Population and Housing
- Greig, 1985, Education in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland: Pre-Independence Period
- Brelsford, The Tribes of Zambia
- Gluckman, 1958, Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy: A Study of the Mambwe People of Northern Rhodesia
- Vail, 1989, The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
- Tordoff, 1974, Politics in Zambia, 10.1525/9780520320178 · DOI
- Gertzel, 1984, The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia
- Chipungu, 1992a, Guardians in Their Time: Experiences of Zambians under Colonial Rule, 1890–1964
- Gertzel, 1984, The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia
- Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2001. “Violent Choices in Civil War Contexts.” Paper prepared for presentation at the conference “Preferences, Choice and Uncertainty,” Davis Program on Economy, Justice and Society, University of California, May 18–19
- 10.1093/0198296452.001.0001 · DOI
- 1933, Report of the Northern Rhodesian Government Unemployment Committee
- Okema, 2000, Suddenly, This Election Is About Religion, The East African
- Ohannessian, 1978, Language in Zambia
- Ohannessian, 1978, Language in Zambia
- 1938, Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Financial and Economic Position of Northern Rhodesia
- Turner, 1974, Ethnomethodology
- Tordoff, 1974, Politics in Zambia, 10.1525/9780520320178 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries: A Multilevel Process Theory
Wimmer, A. (2008) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/522803 · Cited by 1,496
Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision?
Habyarimana, J., Humphreys, M., Posner, D., & Weinstein, J. M. (2007) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055407070499 · Cited by 1,330
Self-citationHodler, R., & Raschky, P. A. (2014) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qju004 · Cited by 744
WHAT IS ETHNIC IDENTITY AND DOES IT MATTER?
Chandra, K. (2006) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170715 · Cited by 734
Political Competition and Ethnic Identification in Africa
Eifert, B., Miguel, E. A., & Posner, D. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00443.x · Cited by 689
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Posner, D. N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Posner, Daniel N.
- ORCID
- Posner, Daniel N.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2005-06-06
- OpenAlex
- W4211113828
- Cited by
- 1,113
- References
- 204
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 21.66
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › African Studies and Ethnography
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Keywords
- ethnic politics, social cleavages, tribal identity, language groups, identity choice, one-party rule, voter mobilization, political institutions, Zambia, ethnic voting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review