The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems
Abstract
Popular elections are at the heart of representative democracy. Thus, understanding the laws and practices that govern such elections is essential to understanding modern democracy. In this book, Cox views electoral laws as posing a variety of coordination problems that political forces must solve. Coordination problems - and with them the necessity of negotiating withdrawals, strategic voting, and other species of strategic coordination - arise in all electoral systems. This book employs a unified game-theoretic model to study strategic coordination worldwide and that relies primarily on constituency-level rather than national aggregate data in testing theoretical propositions about the effects of electoral laws. This book also considers not just what happens when political forces succeed in solving the coordination problems inherent in the electoral system they face but also what happens when they fail.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Second, mass polarization in terms of partisan alignment (Fig. 1b) focuses on the dimensionality of the political space.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“Por tanto, el número de candidatos es un aspecto clave en la lógica de la coordinación estratégica en el plano electoral (Cox 1997).”
From EL COSTO DE COORDINAR: NÚMERO DE CANDIDATOS PRESIDENCIALES EN AMÉRICA LATINA 1993-2010 (2017) · cites this paper as Cox 1997
In the citing paper
“Por una parte, cuando la presidencia es un “gran premio”, esto puede incentivar la conformación de pocos partidos legislativos que se organicen en torno a la disputa presidencial (Shugart y Carey 1992;Jones 1995;Cox 1997;Mainwaring y Shugart 1997;Golder 2006).”
From EL COSTO DE COORDINAR: NÚMERO DE CANDIDATOS PRESIDENCIALES EN AMÉRICA LATINA 1993-2010 (2017) · cites this paper as Cox 1997
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,001
Ferland, B. (2013) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2013.846345 · Cited by 29
Mylonas, H., & Roussias, N. (2007) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414007305815 · Cited by 27
Negretto, G. L., & Visconti, G. (2018) · Latin American Politics and Society · doi:10.1017/lap.2017.5 · Cited by 29
de Reguero, S. A. U., & Dandoy, R. (2021) · Representation · doi:10.1080/00344893.2021.1902850 · Cited by 29
Non-discriminatory Rules and Ethnic Representation: The Election of the Bosnian State Presidency
Bochsler, D. (2011) · Ethnopolitics · doi:10.1080/17449057.2010.549735 · Cited by 29
Pawns Take Queen: The Destabilizing Effects of Regional Parties in Europe
Brancati, D. (2005) · Constitutional Political Economy · doi:10.1007/s10602-005-2233-7 · Cited by 29
Problems of Categorizing and Explaining Party Systems in AfricaPreprint
Erdmann, G., & Basedau, M. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.978166 · Cited by 29
States and strategy in new federal democracies
Harbers, I. (2012) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068812458611 · Cited by 28
The Impact of Mixed-member Districts on Legislators' Behavior: The Case of Bolivia
González, M. C., López, F. S., & Pérez, C. R. (2016) · Latin American Politics and Society · doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00299.x · Cited by 28
Electoral coordination and party system institutionalization
Lago, I., & Torcal, M. (2019) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068818795191 · Cited by 28
Competitive Consensus. What comes after Consociationalism in Switzerland?
Bochsler, D., & Bousbah, K. (2015) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12177 · Cited by 28
The Electoral Sweet Spot in the Lab
St-Vincent, S. L., Blais, A., & Pilet, J. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2015.7 · Cited by 28
Mackie, G. L. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107588165.005 · Cited by 28
Issue Diversification: Which Niche Parties Can Succeed Electorally by Broadening Their Agenda?
Bergman, M. E., & Flatt, H. (2020) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0032321719865538 · Cited by 31
Winter, L. D., & Swyngedouw, M. (1999) · doi:10.1093/0198296614.003.0003 · Cited by 28
Partisanship, Structure, and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics
Meier, K. J., & Rutherford, A. (2014) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055414000148 · Cited by 27
Electoral Institutions and Political Competition: Coordination, Persuasion and Mobilization
Cox, G. W. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69305-5_5 · Cited by 28
Self-citationStadelmann, D., Portmann, M., & Eichenberger, R. (2016) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123416000399 · Cited by 33
Sub-National Sources of Multipartism in Parliamentary Elections
Park, M. (2003) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/135406880394005 · Cited by 28
Norman, S. (2000) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.277 · Cited by 28
Political Institutions, Policymaking Processes and Policy Outcomes in ChilePreprint
Vial, J., Aninat, C., Landregan, J., & Navia, P. D. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1815897 · Cited by 28
Explaining the Distinctiveness of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals in American PoliticsPreprint
Egan, P. J. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1006223 · Cited by 28
A Framework for Analysing Presidential-Legislative Relations in Asia
Kasuya, Y. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137315083_2 · Cited by 27
Indonesia's Democratic Transition: Playing by the Rules
Liddle, R. W. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199246467.003.0014 · Cited by 26
The old in the new: Voter surveillance in political clientelism and datafied campaigning
Kusche, I. (2020) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/2053951720908290 · Cited by 34
Process or Candidate: The International Community and the Demand for Electoral Integrity
Bubeck, J., & Marinov, N. (2017) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055417000090 · Cited by 27
How to make democracy self-enforcing after civil war: Enabling credible yet adaptable elite pacts
Durant, T. C., & WEINTRAUB, M. I. (2014) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/0738894213520372 · Cited by 26
Ballot Structure, Political Corruption, and the Performance of Proportional Representation
Gingerich, D. (2009) · Journal of Theoretical Politics · doi:10.1177/0951629809339805 · Cited by 28
Litton, K. (2013) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068813499866 · Cited by 27
Religion and Coalition Politics
Birnir, J. K., & Şatana, N. S. (2012) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414012453029 · Cited by 27
Bye-Bye Bipolarism: The 2015 Regional Elections and the New Shape of Regional Party Systems in Italy
Tronconi, F. (2015) · South European Society & Politics · doi:10.1080/13608746.2015.1118839 · Cited by 27
Stojanović, N. (2016) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12208 · Cited by 27
Zingher, J. N., & Thomas, M. S. (2012) · Australian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1080/10361146.2012.704000 · Cited by 27
Defining and measuring party system nationalization
Lago, I., & Gibert, J. R. M. (2013) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s1755773913000027 · Cited by 27
Verwählt? Eine Analyse des Konzepts "korrektes Wählen" bei der Bundestagswahl 2009
Rudi, T., & Schoen, H. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_18 · Cited by 26
Bowler, S., McElroy, G., & Müller, S. (2021) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12441 · Cited by 26
Why does voting get so complicated? A review of theories for analyzing democratic participation
Gainous, J., & Gill, J. (2002) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1049993199 · Cited by 26
Fernandes, J. M., Geese, L., & Schwemmer, C. (2018) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12281 · Cited by 26
Bleich, E. (2008) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s0043887100009072 · Cited by 26
Conclusion: Are Mixed‐Member Systems the Best of Both Worlds?
(2003) · doi:10.1093/019925768x.003.0026 · Cited by 26
Introduction: Legislative Party Switching, Parties, and Party Systems
Heller, W. B., & Mershon, C. (2009) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230622555_1 · Cited by 26
Singh, S. P. (2010) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912909357177 · Cited by 25
Strategic Voting in Plurality Elections
Kselman, D. M., & Niou, E. M. S. (2009) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpp027 · Cited by 25
EL PARTIDO “CENTRO DEMOCRÁTICO” EN COLOMBIA: RAZONES DE SU SURGIMIENTO Y ÉXITO
Losada, R., & Liendo, N. A. (2016) · Análisis Político · doi:10.15446/anpol.v29n87.60717 · Cited by 25
Would letting people vote for multiple candidates yield policy moderation?
Déllis, A. (2008) · Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1016/j.jet.2008.07.002 · Cited by 25
Vote Au Pluriel: How People Vote When Offered to Vote Under Different Rules
der Straeten, K. V., Laslier, J., & Blais, A. (2013) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096513000036 · Cited by 25
The Art of Political Science: Spatial Diagrams as Iconic and Revelatory
Brady, H. E. (2011) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592711000922 · Cited by 25
Distinctiveness and Cohesion of Parties
Schmitt, H., & Thomassen, J. (1999) · doi:10.1093/0198296614.003.0006 · Cited by 25
Presidents, Parliaments, and Democracy: Insights from the Post‐Communist World
Frye, T. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199246467.003.0005 · Cited by 25
Crashing the Party: An Experimental Investigation of Strategic Voting in Primary Elections
Cherry, T. L., & Kroll, S. (2003) · Public Choice · doi:10.1023/a:1022637002301 · Cited by 25
The Size of Government in Majoritarian and Consensus Democracies
Tavits, M. (2004) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414003262068 · Cited by 26
The Combined Impact of Decentralisation and Personalism on the Nationalisation of Party Systems
Simón, P. (2013) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12014 · Cited by 24
Constitutional Engineering in Post‐Coup Fiji
Lal, B. V. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199246467.003.0011 · Cited by 24
What are we voting for? Opposition alliance joint campaigns in electoral autocracies
Ong, E. (2021) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688211032367 · Cited by 26
Moraes, J. A., & Béjar, S. (2022) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688221095098 · Cited by 26
The Ecology of Tactical Voting in Britain
Kiewiet, D. R. (2013) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2012.755536 · Cited by 24
Scheiner, E. (2012) · Journal of East Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s1598240800008067 · Cited by 24
Laslier, J., Blais, A., Bol, D., Golder, S., Harfst, P., Stephenson, L. B., & der Straeten, K. V. (2015) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/1465116515580180 · Cited by 24
Germany: The Mixed‐Member System as a Political Compromise
Scarrow, S. E. (2003) · doi:10.1093/019925768x.003.0004 · Cited by 24
Politicians and Preferences of the Voter Majority: Does Gender Matter?
Stadelmann, D., Portmann, M., & Eichenberger, R. (2014) · Economics and Politics · doi:10.1111/ecpo.12039 · Cited by 27
The Congressional Politics of Decentralization
Rodrigo Mardones, Z. (2007) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414006290108 · Cited by 24
Democracy on Ice: The Multiple Challenges of Guatemala's Peace Process
Seligson, M. A. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511791116.008 · Cited by 25
Grofman, B. (2004) · Public Choice · doi:10.1023/b:puch.0000013837.26687.7a · Cited by 24
Kasara, K., & Mares, I. (2016) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414016666856 · Cited by 23
Electoral Commissions and Democratization in Africa
Kerr, N. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191997839.001.0001 · Cited by 23
Peru 1980–2000: Chronicle of a Death Foretold? Determinism, Political Decisions, and Open Outcomes
Tanaka, M. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511791116.010 · Cited by 24
Dodeigne, J., Close, C., & Teuber, F. (2020) · Local Government Studies · doi:10.1080/03003930.2020.1802251 · Cited by 23
No Sorting, No Advantage: Regression Discontinuity Estimates of Incumbency Advantage in Japan
Ariga, K., Horiuchi, Y., Mansilla, R., & Umeda, M. (2015) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2016.03.006 · Cited by 23
Howe, P. J., Szöcsik, E., & Zuber, C. I. (2021) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140211036033 · Cited by 24
Citizens’ preferences about voting rules: self-interest, ideology, and sincerity
Blais, A., Laslier, J., Poinas, F., & der Straeten, K. V. (2015) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-015-0287-2 · Cited by 23
Polarization, Partisan Preferences and Strategic Voting
Daoust, J., & Bol, D. (2018) · Government and Opposition · doi:10.1017/gov.2018.42 · Cited by 23
Institutional incentives for strategic voting and party system change in Portugal
Gschwend, T. (2007) · Portugese Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.1386/pjss.6.1.15_1 · Cited by 23
The Europeanization of electoral politics
Caramani, D. (2011) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068810389640 · Cited by 23
Making Elections More Direct? Reducing the Role of Parties in Elections
Scarrow, S. E. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199264996.003.0003 · Cited by 23
Scheuer, A. (1999) · doi:10.1093/0198296614.003.0002 · Cited by 23
Political Institutions and Growth Collapses
Panizza, U. G., Gaviría, A., Stein, E. H., & Wallack, J. S. (2000) · doi:10.18235/0010779 · Cited by 23
How electoral rules matter: voter turnout in Morocco's 2007 parliamentary elections
Barwig, A. (2009) · The Journal of North African Studies · doi:10.1080/13629380802563650 · Cited by 22
The marginal impact of ENGOs in different types of democratic systems
Böhmelt, T., Bernauer, T., & Koubi, V. (2014) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s175577391400006x · Cited by 23
Sophisticated and myopic? Citizen preferences for Electoral College reform
Aldrich, J. H., Reifler, J., & Munger, M. C. (2013) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-013-0056-z · Cited by 22
Strategic Voting in Plurality Elections: A Simulation of Duverger's Law
Endersby, J. W., & Shaw, K. B. (2009) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096509090532 · Cited by 22
Rich, T. S. (2014) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12067 · Cited by 22
The Impact of Electoral System Reform on Taiwan's Local Factions
Göbel, C. (2012) · Journal of Current Chinese Affairs · doi:10.1177/186810261204100304 · Cited by 22
Boulding, C. E., & Brown, D. S. (2013) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068813475496 · Cited by 22
Are semi-presidential constitutions bad for democratic performance?
Cheibub, J. A., & Chernykh, S. (2008) · Constitutional Political Economy · doi:10.1007/s10602-008-9072-2 · Cited by 24
District magnitude and representation of the majority’s preferences: a comment and reinterpretation
Carey, J. M., & Hix, S. (2012) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-012-0023-0 · Cited by 22
Individual Behavior Under Evaluative Voting: A Comparison Between Laboratory and In Situ Experiments
Igersheim, H., Baujard, A., Gavrel, F., Laslier, J., & Lebon, I. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40573-5_13 · Cited by 22
Laslier, J. (2010) · Studies in choice and welfare · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02839-7_13 · Cited by 22
Parties and Voters—Representative Consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe?
Weßels, B., & Klingemann, H. (2006) · International Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2753/ijs0020-7659360201 · Cited by 22
Towards More Open Democracies: The Expansion of Freedom of Information Laws
Cain, B. E., Egan, P. J., & Fabbrini, S. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199264996.003.0006 · Cited by 21
A spatial analysis of the 1989 Chilean presidential election
Dow, J. K. (1998) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/s0261-3794(97)00050-4 · Cited by 22
Support for Third Parties in California
Donovan, T., Bowler, S., & TERRIO, T. (2000) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x00028001003 · Cited by 22
Regime Type and Diffusion in Comparative Politics Methodology
Hanson, S. E., & Kopstein, J. S. (2005) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423905050043 · Cited by 21
Selecting the Condorcet Winner: single-stage versus multi-stage voting rules
Peress, M. (2008) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-008-9321-y · Cited by 21
Resilient patterns of democracy. A comparative analysis
Ganghof, S. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s12286-011-0111-4 · Cited by 21
Electoral Rules and Electoral Reform in Canada
Weaver, R. K. (2003) · doi:10.1093/019925768x.003.0025 · Cited by 21
Representation in the EU: multi-level challenges and new perspectives from comparative federalism
Thorlakson, L. (2017) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2016.1273373 · Cited by 21
Electoral dynamics, new nationalisms, and party positions on Syrian refugees in Turkey
Secen, S., Al, S., & Arslan, B. (2024) · Turkish Studies · doi:10.1080/14683849.2024.2310850 · Cited by 21
Strategic Voting and Coordination Problems in Proportional Systems
Blais, A., Erişen, C., & Rheault, L. (2014) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912913520573 · Cited by 21
The politics of immigration locally: alliances between political parties and immigrant organizations
Triviño‐Salazar, J. C. (2017) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2017.1297471 · Cited by 21
Does voter polarisation induce party extremism? The moderating role of abstention
Dreyer, P., & Bauer, J. (2019) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1566852 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Cox, G. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cox, Gary W.
- ORCID
- Cox, Gary W.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1997-03-28
- OpenAlex
- W4251366449
- Cited by
- 2,281
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 119 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 75.68
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Game Theory and Voting Systems
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
- Keywords
- electoral systems, electoral law, strategic voting, coordination problems, strategic coordination, game-theoretic model, voting behavior, representative democracy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review