Cited by 594Statistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

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Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis for Epidemiology: A Practical Guide

Twisk, Jos W. R.·2013·Cambridge University Press eBooks

DOI 10.1017/cbo9781139342834

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Abstract

This book discusses the most important techniques available for longitudinal data analysis, from simple techniques such as the paired t-test and summary statistics, to more sophisticated ones such as generalized estimating of equations and mixed model analysis. A distinction is made between longitudinal analysis with continuous, dichotomous and categorical outcome variables. The emphasis of the discussion lies in the interpretation and comparison of the results of the different techniques. The second edition includes new chapters on the role of the time variable and presents new features of longitudinal data analysis. Explanations have been clarified where necessary and several chapters have been completely rewritten. The analysis of data from experimental studies and the problem of missing data in longitudinal studies are discussed. Finally, an extensive overview and comparison of different software packages is provided. This practical guide is essential for non-statisticians and researchers working with longitudinal data from epidemiological and clinical studies.

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Method
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Self-citation
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“repeatedly measured and thus correlated data than traditional linear regression [36].”
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Self-citation
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Self-citation
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Sample size calculations
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Self-citation
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“By controlling the correlation between baseline and follow-up values, we avoided the need for time or a time×group interaction term to interpret intervention effects [34].”
Background
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“” [1].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Meyer-Moock, S., Szczotkowski, D., Schouten, L., Petzke, F. W., Milch, L., Metz-Oster, B., Zinndorf, L., Geber, C., Hoffmann, G., Preißler, A., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-07975-4 · Cited by 5
Physical activity patterns in adolescents: A longitudinal study
Silva, J. M. D. P. F., Silva, E. C. D. C., Mendonça, G., Mota, J. A. P. S., Hallal, P. C., & Júnior, J. C. D. F. (2024) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.12239 · Cited by 5
Effects of a guided digital intervention on sleep and mental health outcomes in university students – a randomized controlled trial
Pape, L. M., van Straten, A., Struijs, S. Y., Karch, J. D., Spinhoven, P., & Antypa, N. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf357 · Cited by 8
Data in longitudinal randomised controlled trials in cancer pain: is there any loss of the information available in the data? Results of a systematic literature review and guideline for reporting
Sauzet, O., Kleine, M., & Williams, J. E. (2016) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2818-8 · Cited by 5
Validity of the older people quality of life-7 domains (OQoL-7) scale
Henchoz, Y., Büla, C., Guessous, I., et al. (2020) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01589-5 · Cited by 5
Comparing two identically protocolized, multicentre, randomized controlled trials on caregiver-mediated exercises poststroke: Any differences across countries?
Mulder, M., Nijland, R. H. M., Vloothuis, J. D. M., van den Berg, M., Crotty, M., Kwakkel, G., & van Wegen, E. E. H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263013 · Cited by 5
Tracking of health-related physical fitness in adolescent girls: a 3-year follow-up study
Kasović, M., Oreški, A., Vespalec, T., et al. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03305-2 · Cited by 5
A Longitudinal Study of Children’s Perceived Usability: Methodology and Measurements
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Chen, Y.-Y. (2022) · International journal of human computer interactions · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2100065 · Cited by 5
Association of Longitudinal Nutrient Patterns with Body Composition in Black Middle-Aged South African Women: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study
Makura-Kankwende, C. B. T., Gradidge, P. J.-L., Crowther, N. J., Ratshikombo, T., Goedecke, J. H., Micklesfield, L. K., Norris, S. A., & Chikowore, T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912792 · Cited by 5
Infant feeding method and special educational need in 191,745 Scottish schoolchildren: A national, population cohort study
Adams, L., Pell, J. P., Mackay, D., Clark, D., King, A., & Fleming, M. (2023) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004191 · Cited by 7
Impact of hospitalization for vaso‐occlusive crisis on health‐related quality of life in children with sickle cell disease
Vuong, C., Moussa, I., van Muilekom, M. M., Heijboer, H., Rettenbacher, E., Haverman, L., Twisk, J. W. R., Fijnvandraat, K., & Eckhardt, C. L. (2023) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.30691 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Association of daily steps on lipid and glycaemic profiles in children: The mediator role of cardiorespiratory fitness
Sequí‐Domínguez, I., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., Rodríguez‐Gutiérrez, E., Bizzozero‐Peroni, B., Madrid, V. M., de Medio, E. P., Martínez‐García, I., & Cavero‐Redondo, I. (2023) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.17035 · Cited by 5
Water, sanitation and hygiene insecurity predict abscess incidence among people who inject drugs in a binational US–Mexico metropolitan area: A longitudinal cohort study
Calderón-Villarreal, A., Abramovitz, D., Portillo, L. J. A., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104485 · Cited by 5
Trends in the use of care among people aged 65–85 with cognitive impairment in the Netherlands
Aaltonen, M. S., Raitanen, J. A., Comijs, H. C., & Groenou, M. I. B. V. (2018) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x18000752 · Cited by 5
“A similar fluctuating trend is also observed in the OECD average (OECD 2011, 2013, 2015).”
The effects of integrating work-related factors and improving cooperation in musculoskeletal physical therapy practice: protocol for the ‘WORK TO BE DONE’ cluster randomised controlled trial
Hutting, N., Oswald, W., der Sanden, M. W. G. N., Filart, M., Raaijmakers, T., Bieleman, H. J., Staal, J. B., & Heerkens, Y. F. (2020) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03375-2 · Cited by 5
Cost-effectiveness of single-layer versus double-layer uterine closure during caesarean section on postmenstrual spotting: economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial
Stegwee, S. I., Ben, Â. J., Alili, M. E., van der Voet, L. F., de Groot, C. J. M., Bosmans, J. E., & Huirne, J. A. F. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044340 · Cited by 5
Influence of sugar consumption from foods with different degrees of processing on anthropometric indicators of children and adolescents after 18 months of follow-up
Barreto, J. R. P. D. S., Assis, A. M. D. O., de Santana, M. L. P., Pitangueira, J. C. D., Cunha, C. D. M., & Costa, P. R. D. F. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522000411 · Cited by 8
Effects of a back-care bundle for reducing back pain among patients undergoing transfemoral artery coronary angiography: A randomized controlled trial
Chaiyagad, C., Rattanakanokchai, S., Suebkinorn, O., et al. (2022) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151652 · Cited by 5
Anxiety Syndromes and Their Correlates in Children and Adolescents: A Two-Year- Follow-Up Study at Primary Health Care in Mexico City
Javier, J., Soriano, A., & Pérez, J. E. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/53767 · Cited by 5
Interdental cleaning and periodontal pocketing among finnish adults
Bernabé, E., Knuuttila, M. L. E., & Suominen, A. L. (2019) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13081 · Cited by 5
“LME models can model correlated (repeated) outcome measures with missing data and unevenly spaced measurement occasions (Singer and Willett, 2003, Twisk, 2013).”
Background
Security interventions and perceived safety and threat following workplace terrorism: a three-wave longitudinal study of ministerial employees in Norway
Nissen, A., & Heir, T. (2020) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1848903 · Cited by 12
The impact of an exercise and sport intervention on cognitive function and pain among forcibly displaced individuals at risk for PTSD: a secondary analysis of the SALEEM randomized controlled trial
Knappe, F., Filippou, K., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Morres, I. D., Ludyga, S., Seelig, H., Tzormpatzakis, E., Havas, E., Theodorakis, Y., von Känel, R., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03601-x · Cited by 8
“If Little’s test indicated that data were not missing completely at random, we compared groups with complete and incomplete datasets regarding covariates and outcome variables and incorporated significant covariates in our model [62].”
Method
A scoping review of statistical methods used to report EORTC QLQ-C30 quality of life scores measured longitudinally
Harris, R. A., Rogers, C. A., Harris, J. M., & Lim, E. K. S. (2025) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-025-02622-1 · Cited by 5
Effect of Diactive-1 mHealth-Supported Progressive Resistance Training on Insulin Requirements, Glycemic Stability, and Muscular Strength in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: A Parallel-Group Randomized Controlled Trial
Muñoz‐Pardeza, J., Hormazábal‐Aguayo, I., Huerta‐Uribe, N., Chueca-Guindulain, M. J., Berrade‐Zubiri, S., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., Ezzatvar, Y., López‐Gil, J. F., & García‐Hermoso, A. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-0985 · Cited by 4
Adherence to the MIND diet and longitudinal brain structural changes over a decade: evidence from the Framingham heart study offspring cohort
Chen, H., Hailili, G., Tong, L., Fei, L., Cao, Y., Xu, X., Li, X., van Lent, D. M., & Yuan, C. (2026) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2025-336957 · Cited by 5
Analysis of RCT Data with More Than One Follow-Up Measurement
Twisk, J. W. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81865-4_3 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Tracking of Dietary Patterns in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease after a Nutritional Intervention Program—A Randomized Clinical Trial
Coura, A. G. L., Neta, A. D. C. P. D. A., de Lima, R. L. F. C., Bersch-Ferreira, Â. C., Weber, B., & Vianna, R. P. D. T. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14224716 · Cited by 4
Nutrition morbidity interactions in pre-school children
Ramachandran, P., Kalaivani, K., Lakshmi, R. V., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Microbiology Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1494_19 · Cited by 4
Grandparental support and maternal depression: Do grandparents’ characteristics matter more for separating mothers?
Metsä‐Simola, N., Baranowska-Rataj, A., Remes, H. M., Kühn, M., & Martikainen, P. (2024) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/00324728.2023.2287493 · Cited by 6

Authors: Twisk, J. W. R.
Affiliations: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Twisk, Jos W. R.
ORCID: Twisk, Jos W. R.
Venue: Cambridge University Press eBooks
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 2013-05-05
DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139342834
OpenAlex: W4251962509
Cited by: 593
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8
FWCI: 6.66
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords: longitudinal analysis, generalized estimating equations, mixed models, paired t-test, summary statistics, time variable, experimental study, missing data, statistical software comparison, epidemiology

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Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis for Epidemiology: A Practical Guide

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