The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnonationalist Civil War: A Global Comparison
Open accessAbstract
Contemporary research on civil war has largely dismissed the role of political and economic grievances, focusing instead on opportunities for conflict. However, these strong claims rest on questionable theoretical and empirical grounds. Whereas scholars have examined primarily the relationship between individual inequality and conflict, we argue that horizontal inequalities between politically relevant ethnic groups and states at large can promote ethnonationalist conflict. Extending the empirical scope to the entire world, this article introduces a new spatial method that combines our newly geocoded data on ethnic groups’ settlement areas with spatial wealth estimates. Based on these methodological advances, we find that, in highly unequal societies, both rich and poor groups fight more often than those groups whose wealth lies closer to the country average. Our results remain robust to a number of alternative sample definitions and specifications.
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In the citing paper
“Using EPR's geocoded data on ethnic settlement areas, Cederman, Weidmann and Gleditsch (2011) extend the study of political exclusion to economic inequality, in order to show that ethnic groups that are poorer and richer than the country's average income are more likely to stage rebellion.”
From Dynamics and Logics of Civil War (2017) · cites this paper as Cederman, Weidmann and Gleditsch (2011)
In the citing paper
“The resulting polarization might incentivize these individuals/groups to seize political power by force to redistribute wealth in their favor, thus increasing the likelihood of conflict (Cederman et al 2011, Guariso and Rogall 2017, Koubi 2017).”
From The impacts of climate change on violent conflict risk: a review of causal pathways (2024) · cites this paper as Cederman et al 2011
In the citing paper
“As Cederman et al. (2011, 481) argue, “Violations of norms of justice and equality will typically arouse feelings of anger and resentment among members of the disadvantaged group.””
From Conflict Recurrence and Postconflict Justice: Addressing Motivations and Opportunities for Sustainable Peace (2017) · cites this paper as Cederman et al. 2011
Citations
Cites
An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199269464.003.0005 · Cited by 12,701
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577
Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
FEARON, J. D., & LAITIN, D. D. (2003) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055403000534 · Cited by 7,366
Greed and grievance in civil war
Collier, P. D. (2004) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpf064 · Cited by 6,295
States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China
Skocpol, T. (1979) · Cambridge University Press · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815805 · Cited by 5,408
Kuper, L., & Horowitz, D. L. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069338 · Cited by 4,891
Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2005) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511510809 · Cited by 4,810
From Mobilization to Revolution
Stearns, P. N., & Tilly, C. (1979) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1855671 · Cited by 4,583
From Mobilization to Revolution
Tilly, C. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315205021-5 · Cited by 4,010
Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset
GLEDITSCH, N. P., WALLENSTEEN, P., ERIKSSON, M., SOLLENBERG, M., & STRAND, H. (2002) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343302039005007 · Cited by 3,846
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Turner, 1981, Intergroup Behaviour, 66
- Moore, 1966, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
- Ross, 2005, Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis, 35
- Tilly, 1999, Durable Inequality
- Gamson, 1992, Talking Politics
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War
Cederman, L.-E., Gleditsch, K. S., & Buhaug, H. (2013) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084161 · Cited by 978
Self-citationIntegrating Data on Ethnicity, Geography, and Conflict
Vogt, M., Bormann, N., Rüegger, S., Cederman, L., Hunziker, P., & Girardin, L. (2015) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002715591215 · Cited by 653
Self-citationAn urbanization bomb? Population growth and social disorder in cities
Buhaug, H., & Urdal, H. (2013) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.016 · Cited by 480
Alesina, A., Michalopoulos, S., & Papaioannou, E. (2016) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/685300 · Cited by 483
Technology and Collective Action: The Effect of Cell Phone Coverage on Political Violence in Africa
Pierskalla, J. H., & Hollenbach, F. M. (2013) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055413000075 · Cited by 368
Metadata
- Authors
- CEDERMAN, L.-E., WEIDMANN, N. B., & GLEDITSCH, K. S.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Yale University (US)
- University of Essex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- CEDERMAN, LARS-ERIK
- WEIDMANN, NILS B.
- GLEDITSCH, KRISTIAN SKREDE
- Venue
- American Political Science Review
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011-07-11
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 478-495
- ISSN
- 0003-0554 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5943
- OpenAlex
- W2122757622
- Cited by
- 1,028
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 185.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Political Science Review (publishedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (acceptedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (180441, 105511)
- European Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (105511, 116795)
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES-062-23-, ES/E007147/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Natural Resources and Economic Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Keywords
- horizontal inequality, ethnic conflict, ethnic groups, geocoded data, political grievances, economic grievances
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