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Cited by 527

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Democracy, Development, and the International System

BOIX, CARLES·2011·American Political Science Review
DOI 10.1017/s0003055411000402
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Abstract

Resolving a controversy on the relationship of development to democratization, this article expands the time period under study with panel data running from the early nineteenth century (a time where hardly any country was democratic) to the end of the twentieth century, and shows a positive and significant effect of income on the likelihood of democratic transitions and democratic consolidations. The estimations hold after I control for country and time effects and instrument for income. Results reveal that the effect of income varies across income levels and across eras. First, income has a decreasing marginal effect on democratization. In already developed (and democratized) countries, any extra growth has no further effect on the level of democracy. Second, the structure of the international system affects the resources and strategies of pro-authoritarian and pro-democratic factions in client states. The proportion of liberal democracies peaks under international orders governed by democratic hegemons, such as the post–Cold War period, and bottoms out when authoritarian great powers such as the Holy Alliance control the world system.

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Citations

Cites

Show all 91 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

  1. Lipson, 2003, Reliable Partners: How Democracies Have Made a Separate Peace
  2. Wittes, 2008, Freedom's Unsteady March: America's Role in Building Arab Democracy
  3. Putnam, 1993, Making Democracy Work
  4. Rutherford, 2008, Egypt after Mubarak: Liberalism, Islam, and Democracy in the Arab World
  5. 10.2307/2657739 · doi:10.2307/2657739
  6. Weinert, 2007, Democratic Sovereignty: Authority, Legitimacy, and State in a Globalizing Age, 10.4324/9780203965689 · doi:10.4324/9780203965689
  7. Cambó, 1929, Les Dictadures
  8. Jamal, 2011, Of Empires and Citizens: Authoritarian Durability in the Arab World
  9. Schmidt, 2006, The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1965–1989
  10. Spruyt, 2007, Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, 211
  11. Bercovitch, 1991, Superpowers and Client States in the Middle East: The Imbalance of Influence, 9
  12. Hafner-Burton, 2009, Forced to Be Good: Why Trade Agreements Boost Human Rights
  13. Mokyr, 2002, The Gift of Athena

Cited by

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Metadata

Authors
BOIX, C.
Venue
American Political Science Review
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2011-11
Volume
105
Issue
4
Pages
809-828
ISSN
  • 0003-0554 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-5943
DOI
10.1017/s0003055411000402
OpenAlex
W2147194563
Cited by
527
References
91
FWCI
62.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 2 d)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Democracy, Development, and the International System. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1017/s0003055411000402
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BOIX, C. (2011). Democracy, Development, and the International System. American Political Science Review. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055411000402

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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.