The relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in early pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes in a large, prospective cohort
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Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency have been associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Controversy remains as findings have been inconsistent between disparate populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and pregnancy outcomes in a large, prospective pregnancy cohort. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration was analysed in serum samples collected at 15 weeks of gestation from 1710 New Zealand women participating in a large, observational study. Associations between vitamin D status and pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA) and gestational diabetes were investigated. The mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was 72·9 nmol/l. In all, 23 % had 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations <50 nmol/l, and 5 % of participants had concentrations <25 nmol/l. Women with 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations <75 nmol/l at 15 weeks of gestation were more likely to develop gestational diabetes mellitus than those with concentrations >75 nmol/l (OR 2·3; 95 % CI 1·1, 5·1). However, this effect was not significant when adjustments were made for BMI and ethnicity (OR 1·8; 95 % CI 0·8, 4·2). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration at 15 weeks was not associated with development of pre-eclampsia, spontaneous preterm birth or SGA infants. Pregnancy complications were low in this largely vitamin D-replete population.
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Women with vitamin D levels < 75 nmol/L have 2.3-fold the odds of developing GDM in early pregnancy.
“Veronica T Boyle et al. [135] further reported that women with vitamin D levels < 75 nmol/L had a 2.3-fold the odds of developing GDM in early pregnancy.”
From Medical Nutrition Therapy for Women with Gestational Diabetes: Current Practice and Future Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
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- Authors
- Boyle, V. T., Thorstensen, E. B., Mourath, D., Jones, M. B., McCowan, L. M. E., Kenny, L. C., & Baker, P. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Linköping University (SE)
- University College Cork (IE)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Boyle, Veronica T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2016-10-18
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1409-1415
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2531989909
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 8.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Tertiary Education Commission
- New Zealand Government
- University of Auckland
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Keywords
- 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D status, early pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes, preeclampsia, preterm birth, small for gestational age, gestational diabetes mellitus, vitamin D deficiency, body mass index, ethnicity, New Zealand women
- MeSH terms
- Calcifediol, Female, Fetal Growth Retardation, Humans, New Zealand, Nutritional Status, Pre-Eclampsia, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Prospective Studies, Risk, Severity of Illness Index, Vitamin D Deficiency, Cohort Studies, Biomarkers, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2, Incidence, Prevalence, Diabetes, Gestational, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Premature Birth
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