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Characterising the muscle anabolic potential of dairy, meat and plant-based protein sources in older adults
Open accessAbstract
The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is caused, at least in part, by a reduced muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to ingested protein is dependent on the quantity and quality of the protein consumed. This review characterises the anabolic properties of animal-derived and plant-based dietary protein sources in older adults. While approximately 60 % of dietary protein consumed worldwide is derived from plant sources, plant-based proteins generally exhibit lower digestibility, lower leucine content and deficiencies in certain essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine, which compromise the availability of a complete amino acid profile required for muscle protein synthesis. Based on currently available scientific evidence, animal-derived proteins may be considered more anabolic than plant-based protein sources. However, the production and consumption of animal-derived protein sources is associated with higher greenhouse gas emissions, while plant-based protein sources may be considered more environmentally sustainable. Theoretically, the lower anabolic capacity of plant-based proteins can be compensated for by ingesting a greater dose of protein or by combining various plant-based proteins to provide a more favourable amino acid profile. In addition, leucine co-ingestion can further augment the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response. Finally, prior exercise or n -3 fatty acid supplementation have been shown to sensitise skeletal muscle to the anabolic properties of dietary protein. Applying one or more of these strategies may support the maintenance of muscle mass with ageing when diets rich in plant-based protein are consumed.
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BackgroundNavigating the protein transition: why dairy and its matrix matter amid rising plant protein trends
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“Studies have shown that protein ingestion increases amino acids in the blood, stimulating muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy adults (Burd et al., 2015; Van Vliet et al., 2015; Gorissen and Witard, 2018).”
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Nutrition and Exercise to Maintain Physical Functioning During Ageing
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Jalving, A. C., Oosterwijk, M. M., Hagedoorn, I. J. M., Navis, G. J., Bakker, S. J. L., & Laverman, G. D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10225227 · Cited by 2
Lingman, M., Kerse, N. M., Muru‐Lanning, M., & Teh, R. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15071664 · Cited by 1
“Although it has been postulated that this could be negated by increasing volume of plant-based protein consumed, further research is required [53,54].”
BackgroundSabir, Z., Hjartåker, A., Dierkes, J., & Rosendahl-Riise, H. (2023) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102052 · Cited by 1
Tavares, H., Roschel, H., Souto, V. F., NOBREGA, Á., Hevia-Larraín, V., Gonçalves, L. D. S., BARROS, T. A. R., COSTA, A. S., & do Nascimento, E. (2025) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.25.16698-x · Cited by 1
Tran, V., Tieland, M., Tan, S., Fyfe, J. J., Feros, S. A., Snipe, R. M. J., Allsopp, G. L., Bruce, C. R., Kowalski, G. M., Mason, S. A., et al. (2025) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-025-01226-1 · Cited by 1
“When evaluated for anabolic potential, plant-based proteins generally stimulate lower muscle protein synthesis (MPS) responses as compared to animal-based protein isolates [16–18].”
Mukhtar, K., Ying, J., Wang, Y., & Selomulya, C. (2026) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.70461 · Cited by 2
“Blending plant proteins or partially replacing animal proteins with plant-based alternatives can help balance nutrition and sustainability (Gorissen and Witard 2018 ).”
Wang, S.-N., Liu, Y.-X., Sun, G.-Y., Liu, X., Sun, Y., Ma, Y.-X., Ning, S.-Y., & Shi, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1805807 · Cited by 1
Marine-Derived Proteins: Emerging Nutritional Strategies for Optimizing Athletic Performance
Hefny, N. E. D. A., & Mourgan, F. H. A. E. (2026) · The Open Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.2174/0118740707465601260603104120 · Cited by 1
Domić, J., Grootswagers, P., Pinckaers, P. J., Melchers, M., van Loon, L. J. C., & de Groot, C. P. G. M. (2026) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101416 · Cited by 1
Optimising protein intake in older people to maintain their musculoskeletal health
Reid, K., & Reeves, S. (2021) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns.2021.e11786 · Cited by 1
Die Rolle der Ernährung für die Muskelgesundheit im Alter
Fischer, A. M., & Kressig, R. W. (2023) · Praxis · doi:10.1024/1661-8157/a004005 · Cited by 1
Li, X., Yang, Y. L., Meng, Q., & Shen, Y. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000035010 · Cited by 1
Nutritional support during pregnancy
Мозес, К. Б., Елгина, С. И., Мозес, В. Г., Рудаева, Е. В., Шибельгут, Н. М., Chaplygina, O., & Помыткина, Т. Е. (2024) · Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproduction · doi:10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2023.472 · Cited by 1
Nutritional factors to support bone health in older adults
Groenendijk, I. (2023) · doi:10.18174/589777 · Cited by 1
Dietary Protein and Muscle in Aging People
Cesari, M., & Marzetti, E. (2018) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03897-458-1
Protein Syntheses and Autophagy: In Contrast or in Synchrony?Preprint
Dioguardi, F. S., Scarabelli, C. C., Pasini, E., Corsetti, G., & Scarabelli, T. M. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0120.v1
Nutritional risk and dietary intake among newly enrolled meals on wheels participants
Rudolph, C. S., & Francis, S. L. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01552-8
“Doing so may help to prevent their risk of sarcopenia (muscle wasting) (Deer and Volpi 2015; Gorissen and Witard 2018; Hanach et al. 2019; Jensen 2008).”
BackgroundHAYVANSAL KAYNAKLI PROTEİN TAKVİYELERİ VE HELAL GIDA AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
TANYILDIZ, S. N., YILDIRIM, H. Ç., & Yaman, M. (2021) · Helal ve Etik Araştırmalar Dergisi · doi:10.51973/head.1034621
Boldt, K., Joumaa, V., Turnbull, J., Fedak, P. W. M., & Herzog, W. (2022) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/pan.2022.0005
Nutritional strategies to improve muscle quality during ageing
Grootswagers, P. (2020) · doi:10.18174/530397
Huang, S., Lou, Y., Wang, S., You, Q., Cao, S., & Jiang, Q. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4463528
Importância do consumo de diferentes fontes de proteína na recuperação muscular após o exercício
Nogueira, F. C., Moreira, E. V. F., Lopes, V. L. B., Cavicchioli, A. C. M., & Puiatti, M. A. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv7n1-546
Cao, X., Liu, H., Yang, M., Mao, K., Wang, X., Chen, Z., Ran, M., & Hao, L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4806873
Bénéfices et risques de la végétalisation de l’alimentation pour les personnes âgées
Bompart, C., & Gueugneau, M. (2024) · Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques · doi:10.1016/j.mmm.2024.10.003 · Cited by 1
Baeg, C.-H., Kim, J.-Y., Park, J., Lee, J., Kim, H., Park, J.-H., Seo, H.-W., & Kim, S. C. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Science International · doi:10.5322/jesi.2025.34.6.397
Gale, S., Aboluwade, R., Hunt, L., & Pettinger, C. (2025) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.70030 · Cited by 3
Markaki, A. G., Nikolakaki, M., Pantezou, D. I., Thalassinos, N., & Raikos, V. (2025) · Nutraceuticals · doi:10.3390/nutraceuticals5040032
“This finding agrees with the previous work suggesting that animal-and especially dairy-based proteins have the highest content of EAA when compared to plant proteins, which are typically low in one or more EAAs [42].”
Debunking the plant protein paradox
INAMDAR, A. V., Sethi, Y., & Sharma, U. (2025) · Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance · doi:10.55860/svjn2693
“Notably, soy protein is well supported by evidence as equivalent to animal protein for muscular adaptation (Gorissen & Witard, 2018; Lim et al., 2021).”
Wirnitzer, K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-71203-0_10
Children’s health: insights from space medicine on metabolic health
Ferraro, S., Ghani, F., Tosi, M., Dave, A., Verduci, E., Mauri, A., Zuccotti, G., Mason, C. E., & Marcovina, S. (2025) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-025-00533-5 · Cited by 1
“The ef fi cacy of supplementation with leucine, one of the Bran-chedChain Amino Acids, with its metaboliteB-hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate, along with calcium and vitamin D have been considered in several studies, and space fl ight research, but no de fi nitive evidence has been found 15,91,92 .”
Metadata
- Authors
- Gorissen, S. H. M., & Witard, O. C.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- University of Stirling (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gorissen, Stefan H. M.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017-08-29
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-31
- ISSN
- 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2719
- OpenAlex
- W2752508997
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 1.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- muscle protein synthesis, plant proteins, animal protein, older adults, sarcopenia, leucine, essential amino acid profile, protein digestibility, milk protein, meat proteins, physical activity, omega-3 fatty acids, muscle mass preservation
- MeSH terms
- Meat Proteins, Aged, Aging, Amino Acids, Essential, Humans, Milk Proteins, Muscle Proteins, Plant Proteins, Dietary, Muscle, Skeletal, Postprandial Period, Anabolic Agents
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