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Characterising the muscle anabolic potential of dairy, meat and plant-based protein sources in older adults
Open accessAbstract
The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is caused, at least in part, by a reduced muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to ingested protein is dependent on the quantity and quality of the protein consumed. This review characterises the anabolic properties of animal-derived and plant-based dietary protein sources in older adults. While approximately 60 % of dietary protein consumed worldwide is derived from plant sources, plant-based proteins generally exhibit lower digestibility, lower leucine content and deficiencies in certain essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine, which compromise the availability of a complete amino acid profile required for muscle protein synthesis. Based on currently available scientific evidence, animal-derived proteins may be considered more anabolic than plant-based protein sources. However, the production and consumption of animal-derived protein sources is associated with higher greenhouse gas emissions, while plant-based protein sources may be considered more environmentally sustainable. Theoretically, the lower anabolic capacity of plant-based proteins can be compensated for by ingesting a greater dose of protein or by combining various plant-based proteins to provide a more favourable amino acid profile. In addition, leucine co-ingestion can further augment the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response. Finally, prior exercise or n -3 fatty acid supplementation have been shown to sensitise skeletal muscle to the anabolic properties of dietary protein. Applying one or more of these strategies may support the maintenance of muscle mass with ageing when diets rich in plant-based protein are consumed.
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“Based on current knowledge, the consensus is that animal protein has a higher potency in stimulating muscle protein synthesis than vegetable protein (41).”
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“The greater anabolic response is most likely due to the higher essential amino acid (EAA) 69 content, and in particular leucine, of animal-based protein sources (33,34).”
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“…stimuli E u r op e P M C F und e r s A u t ho r M a nu s c r i p t s E u r op e P M C F und e r s A u t ho r M a nu s c r i p t s (e.g. branched-chain amino acids such as leucine, n-3 fatty acids and exercise) to overcome their apparent inferiority to animal-based proteins for MPS (77,78) .”
Reid-McCann, R., Brennan, S., Ward, N. A., Logan, D., McKinley, M. C., & McEvoy, C. T. (2024) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae200 · Cited by 48
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“In addition to the limited amount of methionine or lysine, the content or availability of leucine for some plant-based proteins is also generally lower when compared with animal-based proteins (Table 1), but not at a limiting level [87,91,92].”
BackgroundDietary Protein and Muscle in Aging People: The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiome
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“Indeed, the quantity and composition of dietary protein are factors known to dictate the anabolic response((16,17)); namely the magnitude and duration of MPS and MPB.”
BackgroundAdéquation de l’apport en protéines et acides aminés dans les régimes végétariens
Mariotti, F., & Gardner, C. D. (2020) · Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique · doi:10.1016/j.cnd.2019.12.002 · Cited by 36
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“Plant-based proteins are generally less digestible and offer less favorable amino acid profiles than their animal-derived counterparts, especially in essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine [34].”
Derbyshire, E. J. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11050647 · Cited by 30
“Recent evidence now shows that meat alternatives—plant-based and fungal-derived mycoprotein—can support the maintenance of muscle mass/myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in populations of older adults [57,66].”
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“Blending different plant-based proteins could theoretically compensate for the lower anabolic potential of these single protein sources [11].”
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“However, plant-derived proteins are considered to have lesser anabolic properties when compared to animal-derived proteins, due to their lower digestibility and incomplete amino acid profile [17, 18].”
BackgroundEffects of Dietary Protein on Body Composition in Exercising Individuals
António, J., Candow, D. G., Forbes, S. C., Ormsbee, M. J., Saracino, P. G., & Roberts, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061890 · Cited by 33
“It has been suggested that combining plant-based proteins may overcome any essential amino acid deficiencies and therefore provide a complete amino acid profile [71] similar to animal-based protein [72].”
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“Approximately 60% of dietary protein consumed in the world is derived from plant sources (12).”
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“Dietary and physiological factors affecting muscle protein synthesis have been the topic of several recent reviews (5,48,49) .”
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“It is more and more recognized that health benefits are associated with plant-based dietary protein sources [25] and a plant-based diet is increasingly seen as a potential approach to address sarcopenia in an aging population [26].”
BackgroundProtein intake and renal function in older patients
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Gorissen, S. H. M., & Witard, O. C.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- University of Stirling (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gorissen, Stefan H. M.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017-08-29
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-31
- ISSN
- 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2719
- OpenAlex
- W2752508997
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 1.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- muscle protein synthesis, plant proteins, animal protein, older adults, sarcopenia, leucine, essential amino acid profile, protein digestibility, milk protein, meat proteins, physical activity, omega-3 fatty acids, muscle mass preservation
- MeSH terms
- Meat Proteins, Aged, Aging, Amino Acids, Essential, Humans, Milk Proteins, Muscle Proteins, Plant Proteins, Dietary, Muscle, Skeletal, Postprandial Period, Anabolic Agents
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