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The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being

FURUKAWA, T. A., KESSLER, R. C., SLADE, T., ANDREWS, G.·2003·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291702006700

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Abstract

Background. Two new screening scales for psychological distress, the K6 and K10, have been developed but their relative efficiency has not been evaluated in comparison with existing scales. Method. The Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being, a nationally representative household survey, administered the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to assess 30-day DSM-IV disorders. The K6 and K10 were also administered along with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the current de facto standard of mental health screening. Performance of the three screening scales in detecting CIDI/DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders was assessed by calculating the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). Stratum-Specific Likelihood Ratios (SSLRs) were computed to help produce individual-level predicted probabilities of being a case from screening scale scores in other samples. Results. The K10 was marginally better than the K6 in screening for CIDI/DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders (K10 AUC: 0·90, 95%CI: 0·89–0·91 versus K6 AUC: 0·89, 95%CI: 0·88–0·90), while both were significantly better than the GHQ-12 (AUC: 0·80, 95%CI: 0·78–0·82). The SSLRs of the K10 and K6 were more informative in ruling in or out the target disorders than those of the GHQ-12 at both ends of the population spectrum. The K6 was more robust than the K10 to subsample variation. Conclusions. While the K10 might outperform the K6 in screening for severe disorders, the K6 is preferred in screening for any DSM-IV mood or anxiety disorder because of its brevity and consistency across subsamples. Precision of individual-level prediction is greatly improved by using polychotomous rather than dichotomous classification.

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Self-citation

Authors: FURUKAWA, T. A., KESSLER, R. C., SLADE, T., & ANDREWS, G.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
ORCID: FURUKAWA, T. A.
KESSLER, R. C.
SLADE, T.
ANDREWS, G.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2003-02
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 357-362
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291702006700
OpenAlex: W2167044045
Cited by: 1,570
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 74
FWCI: 15.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 13 d)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (U01-MH-60220, U01MH060220)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA012058, R01 DA12058)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: K6, K10, psychological distress screening, GHQ-12, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, DSM-IV disorders, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, receiver operating characteristic, personalized prediction
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Australia, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Reproducibility of Results, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being

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