Internet cognitive–behavioural treatment for panic disorder: randomised controlled trial and evidence of effectiveness in primary care
Open accessAbstract
Background: Internet cognitive–behavioural therapy (iCBT) for panic disorder of up to 10 lessons is well established. The utility of briefer programmes is unknown. Aims: To determine the efficacy and effectiveness of a five-lesson iCBT programme for panic disorder. Method: Study 1 (efficacy): Randomised controlled trial comparing active iCBT (n=27) and waiting list control participants (n=36) on measures of panic severity and comorbid symptoms. Study 2 (effectiveness): 330 primary care patients completed the iCBT programme under the supervision of primary care practitioners. Results: iCBT was significantly more effective than waiting list control in reducing panic (g=0.97, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.61), distress (g=0.92, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.55), disability (g=0.81, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.44) and depression (g=0.79, 95% CI 0.17 to 1.41), and gains were maintained at 3 months post-treatment (iCBT group). iCBT remained effective in primary care, but lower completion rates were found (56.1% in study 2 v. 63% in study 1). Adherence appeared to be related to therapist contact. Conclusions: The five-lesson Panic Program has utility for treating panic disorder, which translates to primary care. Adherence may be enhanced with therapist contact.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Within-group effect sizes for primary symptoms (Hedges g=1.38 for LSAS and 1.79 for PDSS) were as substantial as those observed in previous representative studies.
“Notably, the within-group effect sizes for the primary symptoms in this study (Hedges g=1.38 for LSAS and 1.79 for PDSS) were as substantial as those observed in previous representative studies [49-51].”
From Feasibility of Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder in Japan: Pilot Single-Arm Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [49]
Scoring ≥8 on the PDSS-SR suggests a likely panic disorder diagnosis.
“Scoring ≥8 suggests a likely panic disorder diagnosis. 40”
It is common practice to employ a cut-off score of 8 on the PDSS-SR.
“It is common practice to employ a cut-off score of 8 on the PDSS-SR [42-44], based on the cut-off initially established for the nonself-report PDSS [45].”
From Initial Outcomes of Transdiagnostic Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Tailored to Public Safety Personnel: Longitudinal Observational Study (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139 · see citing works
KESSLER, R. C., ANDREWS, G., COLPE, L. J., HIRIPI, E., MROCZEK, D. K., NORMAND, S.-L. T., WALTERS, E. E., & ZASLAVSKY, A. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006074 · Cited by 10,327 · see citing works
Self-citation(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216 · see citing works
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771 · see citing works
Developing the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0
Üstün, T. B., Chatterji, S., Kostanjsek, N., Rehm, J., Kennedy, C., Epping-Jordan, J., Saxena, S., von Korff, M., & Pull, C. (2010) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.09.067231 · Cited by 1,851 · see citing works
FURUKAWA, T. A., KESSLER, R. C., SLADE, T., & ANDREWS, G. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006700 · Cited by 1,570 · see citing works
Self-citationGueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.310 · Cited by 1,529 · see citing works
Linear Mixed Models: A Practical Guide Using Statistical Software
West, B. T., Welch, K. B., & Gałecki, A. T. (2006) · Thammasat University Digital Collections · Cited by 1,392 · see citing works
2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Methods and Key Findings
Slade, T., Johnston, A., Oakley Browne, M. A., Andrews, G., & Whiteford, H. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670902970882 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
Self-citationHedman, E., Ljótsson, B., & Lindefors, N. (2012) · Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research · doi:10.1586/erp.12.67 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Are randomized clinical trials good for us (in the short term)? Evidence for a “trial effect”
Braunholtz, D., Edwards, S., & Lilford, R. J. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00305-x · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Diagnostic accuracy of the mood module of the patient health questionnaire: a systematic review
Wittkampf, K. A., Naeije, L., Schene, A. H., Huyser, J., & van Weert, H. C. (2007) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.06.004 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Normative data for the 12 item WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0
Andrews, G., Kemp, A., Sunderland, M., Von Korff, M., & Ustun, T. B. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008343 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Self-citationReliability of the self-report version of the panic disorder severity scale
Houck, P. R., Spiegel, D. A., Shear, M. K., & Rucci, P. (2002) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10049 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Therapist-supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults
Olthuis, J. V., Watt, M. C., Bailey, K., Hayden, J. A., & Stewart, S. H. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011565.pub2 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale: replication and extension
Shear, M. K., Rucci, P., Williams, J., Frank, E., Grochocinski, V., Vander Bilt, J., Houck, P., & Wang, T. (2001) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(01)00028-0 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Linear Mixed Models: A Practical Guide Using Statistical Software
West, B. T., Welch, K. B., & Galecki, A. T. (2006) · doi:10.1201/9781420010435 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Is internet-based CBT for panic disorder and agoraphobia as effective as face-to-face CBT?
Kiropoulos, L. A., Klein, B., Austin, D. W., Gilson, K., Pier, C., Mitchell, J., & Ciechomski, L. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.01.008 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Clinician-Assisted Internet-Based Treatment is Effective for Panic: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Wims, E., Titov, N., Andrews, G., & Choi, I. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048671003614171 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment of panic disorder via the internet: A randomized trial of a self-help program
Carlbring, P., Westling, B. E., Ljungstrand, P., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80019-8 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Efficacy of internet therapy for panic disorder
Klein, B., Richards, J. C., & Austin, D. W. (2006) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.07.001 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Zuithoff, N. P., Vergouwe, Y., King, M., Nazareth, I., van Wezep, M. J., Moons, K. G., & Geerlings, M. I. (2010) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-11-98 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Bergström, J., Andersson, G., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Andréewitch, S., Karlsson, A., Carlbring, P., Andersson, E., & Lindefors, N. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-54 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Salim, A., Mackinnon, A., Christensen, H., & Griffiths, K. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.08.005 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Evidence‐based guidelines for interpretation of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale
Furukawa, T. A., Katherine Shear, M., Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Woods, S. W., Money, R., Etschel, E., Engel, R. R., & Leucht, S. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20532 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Therapist-supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults
Olthuis, J. V., Watt, M. C., Bailey, K., Hayden, J. A., & Stewart, S. H. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011565 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Bergström, J., Andersson, G., Kaldo, V., Jansson, L., Andersson, E., Andersson, E., Blom, K., et al. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12079 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Chopra, P. K., Chopra, P. K., Couper, J. W., & Herrman, H. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01448.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Personality traits of patients with mood and anxiety disorders
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., & Donker, M. H. (2005) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.10.006 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Bergström, J., Andersson, G., Karlsson, A., Andréewitch, S., Rück, C., Carlbring, P., & Lindefors, N. (2008) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480802191132 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
An internet-based guided self-help intervention for panic symptoms: randomized controlled trial
van Ballegooijen, W., Riper, H., Klein, B., Ebert, D. D., Kramer, J., Meulenbeek, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2362 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pier, C., Austin, D., Klein, B., Mitchell, J., Schattner, P. L., Ciechomski, L., Gilson, K., Pierce, D., Shandley, K. A., & Wade, V. (2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 36 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Andrews, G., Basu, A., Cuijpers, P., Craske, M. G., McEvoy, P., English, C. L., & Newby, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.01.001 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Self-citationEtzelmueller, A., Vis, C., Karyotaki, E., Baumeister, H., Titov, N., Berking, M., Cuijpers, P., Riper, H., & Ebert, D. D. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18100 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Pauley, D., Cuijpers, P., Papola, D., Miguel, C., & Karyotaki, E. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001999 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Norlund, F., Wallin, E., Olsson, E. M. G., Wallert, J., Burell, G., von Essen, L., & Held, C. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9710 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Nugent, M. M., Alberts, N. M., Staples, L., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.006 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Axelsson, E., Lindsäter, E., Ljótsson, B., Andersson, E., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2017) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.7497 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Domhardt, M., Letsch, J., Kybelka, J., Koenigbauer, J., Doebler, P., & Baumeister, H. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.059 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Peynenburg, V., Thiessen, D. L., Nugent, M., Karin, E., Staples, L., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437211006873 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Scoring 8 suggests a likely panic disorder diagnosis.(40)”
BackgroundPapola, D., Ostuzzi, G., Tedeschi, F., Gastaldon, C., Purgato, M., Giovane, C. D., Pompoli, A., Pauley, D., Karyotaki, E., Sijbrandij, M., et al. (2021) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2021.148 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Acceptability of Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression and Anxiety: Systematic Review
Lau, C. K. Y., Saad, A., Camara, B., Rahman, D., & Bolea-Alamanac, B. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/52609 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The studies are reviewed in Table S4 [ 93-135 93-135 ]”
Nordgreen, T., Gjestad, R., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Havik, O. E. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1348389 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hobbs, M., Mahoney, A. E. J., & Andrews, G. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.09.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationHadjistavropoulos, H. D., Peynenburg, V. A., Thiessen, D., Nugent, M., Karin, E., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100499 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., McCall, H. C., Thiessen, D. L., Huang, Z., Carleton, R. N., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/27610 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hauffman, A., Alfonsson, S., Bill‐Axelson, A., Bergkvist, L., Forslund, M., Mattsson, S., von Essén, L., Nygren, P., Igelström, H., & Johansson, B. (2020) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5489 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Remote cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: A meta-analysis.
Efron, G., & Wootton, B. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102385 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ebenfeld, L., Lehr, D., Ebert, D. D., Stegemann, S. K., Riper, H. M., Funk, B., & Berking, M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/20829 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Peynenburg, V., Thiessen, D. L., Nugent, M., Adlam, K., Owens, K. M. B., Karin, E., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100357 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Polak, M., Tanzer, N. K., Bauernhofer, K., & Andersson, G. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100364 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bendig, E., Bauereiß, N., Buntrock, C., Habibović, M., Ebert, D. D., & Baumeister, H. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100375 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Apolinário-Hagen, J. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.06.26 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Stech, E. P., Grierson, A. B., Chen, A. Z., Sharrock, M. J., Mahoney, A., & Newby, J. M. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100315 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationEdmonds, M., Peynenburg, V. A., Kaldo, V., Jernelöv, S., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100729 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Skaczkowski, G., van der Kruk, S., Loxton, S., Hughes-Barton, D., Howell, C., Turnbull, D., Jensen, N., Smout, M., & Gunn, K. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/31018 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kouvonen, A. M., Mänty, M., Harkko, J., Sumanen, H., Konttinen, H. M., Lahti, J., Pietiläinen, O. P. H., Blomgren, J., Tuovinen, E., Ketonen, E.-L., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032119 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stech, E. P., Chen, A. Z., Sharrock, M. J., Grierson, A. B., Upton, E. L., Mahoney, A., Grisham, J. R., & Newby, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102382 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationJung, H. W., Jang, K.-W., Nam, S., Kim, A. Y., Lee, J., Ahn, M. E., Lee, S., Kim, Y. J., Shin, J.-K., & Roh, D. D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14051771 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Strauss, A. Y., Halaj, A., Zalaznik, D., Fradkin, I., Katz, B. A., Zlotnick, E., Barzilay, S., Andersson, G., Ebert, D. D., & Huppert, J. D. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2021.12.005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Peynenburg, V. A., Sapkota, R. P., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100758 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Townsend, A. N., Hertz, A. G., D’Souza, J. M., & Wiese, A. D. (2022) · Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health · doi:10.1016/j.ypsc.2022.05.003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cho, I., Kim, B.-H., Lee, H., Song, Y., Chang, M. J., Kim, J., & Han, E. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103074 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shinno, S., Matsumoto, K., Hamatani, S., Inaba, Y., Ozawa, Y., Kawasaki, Y., Ikai, T., Sutoh, C., Hayashi, H., & Shimizu, E. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/53659 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Notably, the within-group effect sizes for the primary symptoms in this study (Hedges g =1.38 for LSAS and 1.79 for PDSS) were as substantial as those observed in previous representative studies [49-51].”
ResultInfluentialTechnological Interventions for Anxiety Disorders
Baños, R., Vara, M., Mira, A., García-Palacios, A., & Botella, C. (2020) · Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00008-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Use of Technology to Augment Clinical Care in Depression and Anxiety Disorders: An Evidence Map
Maher, A. R., Apaydin, E. A., Raaen, L. B., Motala, A., Shanman, R., & Hempel, S. (2019) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr2177 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Implementation and Evaluation of Virtual Care in Canadian Health Care Systems: A Scoping Review
Yang, B., Leader, J. S., Bowes, B., Aiyer, H. P., Dunn, H., Adams, S., O’Connell, M. E., McIntyre, L. J., Dani, H., Johnson, R., et al. (2026) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1177/15305627261425160 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kang, D. H., Hwang, H., Kim, D. S., 김혜리, Kwak, S., Kim, C., & Choi, S. (2026) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2026.100977 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Miqdadi, A. I., Chong, M. C., Yoong, T. L., Koh, O. H., & Alhadidi, M. M. B. (2023) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20230919-02 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
胡, 双. (2023) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2023.1312756
Effectiveness of three key Australian digital mental health services (Preprint)Preprint
Bassilios, B., Scurrah, K. J., Roberts, L. J., Ftanou, M., & Spittal, M. J. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.90121
Bassilios, B., Scurrah, K. J., Morgan, A. J., Roberts, L. J., Ftanou, M., & Spittal, M. J. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/90121
Telehealth Treatment of Anxiety in Patients With Low-Risk Chest Pain in the Emergency Department
Musey, P. I., Kroenke, K., Connors, J. D. N., Stump, T. E., Chernyak, Y., Prather, K., Montgomery, C., & Monahan, P. O. (2026) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.4225
Ko, Y., Kim, J., Park, S., Kim, H., Seo, J. H., Park, I. H., Lee, J., & Kim, J. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/101125
Cerazy, D., & Kraszewski, S. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.115272
- Authors
- Allen, A. R., Newby, J. M., Mackenzie, A., Smith, J., Boulton, M., Loughnan, S. A., & Andrews, G.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Allen, Adrian R.
- Venue
- BJPsych Open
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 154-162
- ISSN
- 2056-4724 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4998930
- OpenAlex
- W2309462332
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BJPsych Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1037787)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- panic disorder, brief psychotherapy, primary care, treatment efficacy, treatment effectiveness, medication adherence, therapist contact, comorbid depression, program completion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
