Effect of neuroticism, response style and information processing on depression severity in a clinically depressed sample
Abstract
Background. It is postulated that individuals who score high on neuroticism would ruminate when faced with stress. A ruminative response style to depression is associated with faulty attribution and higher dysfunctional beliefs, which in turn is associated with a higher level of depression and hopelessness. Distraction is associated with less severe depression. Evidence supporting these hypotheses mainly comes from a non-clinical population. Hence it is not clear if these theories apply to clinical depression. Method. One hundred and nine out-patients suffering from unipolar major depressive disorder were recruited to test these theories, using model-fitting analysis technique. Results. Certain rumination responses to depression were associated with higher levels of depression and hopelessness, faulty attribution and dysfunctional attitudes when gender and the level of depression were controlled. Principal component analysis of the Rumination Scale yielded four factors: ‘symptom-based rumination’, ‘isolation/introspection’, ‘self-blame’ and ‘analyse to understand’. Unlike the other factors, ‘analyse to understand’ did not correlate with the level of depression. Model fitting analysis, though not reflecting entirely the true model, captures most of the hypothesized relationships between important variables. Neuroticism was associated with stress. Rumination was associated with an increased level of dysfunctional beliefs and faulty attribution, which in turn was associated with increased severity of depression. Distraction, in contrast, was associated with lower levels of negative mood. Conclusion. The results of our study support the importance of teaching depressed patients to manage their depressive symptoms by avoiding rumination about their symptoms and engaging in distracting and pleasurable activities.
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Neuroticism is related to dysfunctional ruminating and subsequent depression as reactions to stress.
“Research among 109 out-patients suffering from unipolar depressive disorder has shown that neuroticism is related to dysfunctional ruminating and subsequent depression as reactions to stress (Lam et al. 2003).”
From Energy Management of People in Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda (2011) · cites this paper as Lam et al. 2003
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“N is believed to reflect vulnerability to anxiety and depression (4-8).”
BackgroundValidating the bifactor structure of the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire—A psychometric study
Kovács, L. N., Kocsel, N., Galambos, A., Mägi, A., Demetrovics, Z., & Kökönyei, G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254986 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The RST has gained broad empirical support throughout the past three decades: it has been demonstrated that depressive rumination further increases depressive symptoms [5,7], predicts the commencement [8] and reappearance [9] of depressive episodes, and correlates with their severity [10].”
BackgroundThe Prediction of Psychological Resilience by Fear of Happiness and Ruminative Thoughts
İşgör, İ. Y., Yılmaz, Y., & LAÇİN, B. G. D. (2022) · Education Quarterly Reviews · doi:10.31014/aior.1993.05.03.538 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rumination in patients with major depressive disorder before and after antidepressant treatment
Segerberg, T. S. S., Ozenne, B., Dam, V. H., Köhler‐Forsberg, K., Jørgensen, M. B., Frøkjær, V. G., Knudsen, G. M., & Stenbæk, D. S. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.135 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cognitive group therapy for depressive students: The case study
Tiuraniemi, J., & Korhola, J. (2009) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482620903098206 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Treatment aimed at depressed students would do well to teach structuring one’s studies and methods of mood-control and life-control skills (Brackney & Karabenick, 1995; Lam et al., 2003).”
BackgroundChen, J., He, X., Cui, C., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-24701-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“As an important internal psychological factor, perceived stress has also become a focus of attribution theory research (Lam et al. 2003).”
BackgroundReyes‐Martin, S., García‐Sancho, E., Ramos‐Cejudo, J., & Salguero, J. M. (2022) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.5093/anyes2022a20 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Revisiting negative experiences: A sociocultural cognitive framework
Choi, J. H., & Miyamoto, Y. (2023) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12811 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Farzaneh, M. M., & Samereh, A. M. (2016) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The role of rumination in the development of depressive symptoms in youth
Rood, L. (2011) · doi:10.26481/dis.20111103lr · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Trasolini, M., Serra, G., Iannoni, M. E., Andracchio, E., Apicella, M., Maglio, G., Menghini, D., & Vicari, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1395391 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
유득권, & Lee, Y.-H. (2013) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2013.32.1.014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Al-Ghorabaie, F. M., Noferesti, A., Fadaee, M., & Ganji, N. (2015) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n8p8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
THE NATURE OF DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION AND ITS CONNECTION WITH DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS
Maslej, M. M., Mulsant, B. H., & Andrews, P. W. (2020) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2020.39.9.761 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Alavizadeh, S. M., Gharamaleki, N. S., & Entezari, S. (2022) · Humanistic Approach to Sport and Exercise Studies (HASES) · doi:10.52547/hases.2.1.121 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Past researches had suggested that worrying about negative emotions without effective coping strategies may increase the feeling aspects of emotion (Lam et al., 2003).”
Background
- Authors
- LAM, D., SMITH, N., CHECKLEY, S., RIJSDIJK, F., & SHAM, P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2003-04
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 469-479
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2160792949
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- neuroticism, rumination, distraction, depression severity, hopelessness, dysfunctional attitudes, self-blame, stress, major depressive disorder, response styles, information processing, negative mood
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Attention, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Neurotic Disorders, Self Concept, Stress, Physiological, Thinking, Likelihood Functions
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