On the measurement of rumination: a psychometric evaluation of the ruminative response scale and the rumination on sadness scale in undergraduates
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Rumination is considered a specific cognitive vulnerability factor that is thought to play a prominent role in the maintenance of depressive symptoms. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of two measures of rumination, the ruminative response scale (RRS) and the rumination on sadness scale (RSS) in undergraduates (N=331). A joint factor analysis yielded three factors, 'rumination on causes of sadness', 'symptom-based rumination', and 'rumination on sadness'. The internal consistency of the rumination factors was good and the test-retest stability over a 6-month period of time was moderate. Support was also found for the construct validity of the rumination factors. Finally, the 'rumination on the causes of sadness' factor was found to moderate the relation between depression measured at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. More specifically, baseline depression was a strong predictor of future depression but this was particularly true for high ruminating individuals. Implications of the results and directions for future research are provided.
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The RRS has good psychometric properties including internal consistency (α = 0.72-0.79) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.60-0.62).
“The measure has good psychometric properties including internal consistency (α = 0.72–0.79) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.60–0.62) (Roelofs et al., 2006; Treynor et al., 2003).”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Roelofs et al., 2006
The Introduction reports exactly these coefficients for the reflection and brooding subscales of a revised measure made from RRS items, citing Treynor et al. (2003). It does not give those ranges for the RRS as a whole; this paper’s own reliability results in §3.2 report different six-month test–retest values for its retained factors. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Roelofs, J., Muris, P., Huibers, M., Peeters, F., & Arntz, A.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Roelofs, Jeffrey
- Venue
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 299-313
- ISSN
- 0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2106815108
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- rumination, Ruminative Response Scale, psychometric properties, cognitive vulnerability, depression maintenance, depressive symptoms, undergraduate students, test-retest stability, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Animals, Anxiety, Attention, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Neurotic Disorders, Personality Inventory, Phobic Disorders, Psychometrics, Risk Factors, Spiders, Students, Thinking, Reproducibility of Results
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