Cited by 642Mental Health Treatment and AccessHealth disparities and outcomesRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

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Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States

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BRESLAU, JOSHUA, KENDLER, KENNETH S., SU, MAXWELL, GAXIOLA-AGUILAR, SERGIO, KESSLER, RONALD C.·2005·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291704003514PMC PMC2748985

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Abstract

Background. Recent research in the United States has demonstrated striking health disparities across ethnic groups. Despite a longstanding interest in ethnic disadvantage in psychiatric epidemiology, patterns of psychiatric morbidity across ethnic groups have never been examined in a nationally representative sample. Method. Ethnic differences in psychiatric morbidity are analyzed using data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). The three largest ethnic groups in the United States – Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites – were compared with respect to lifetime risk and persistence of three categories of psychiatric disorder: mood disorder, anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder. Results. Where differences across ethnic groups were found in lifetime risk, socially disadvantaged groups had lower risk. Relative to Non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics had lower lifetime risk of substance use disorder and Non-Hispanic Blacks had lower lifetime risk of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Where differences were found in persistence of disorders, disadvantaged groups had higher risk. Hispanics with mood disorders were more likely to be persistently ill as were Non-Hispanic Blacks with respect to both mood disorders and anxiety disorders. Closer examination found these differences to be generally consistent across population subgroups. Conclusions. Members of disadvantaged ethnic groups in the United States do not have an increased risk for psychiatric disorders. Members of these groups, however, do tend to have more persistent disorders. Future research should focus on explanations for these findings, including the possibility that these comparisons are biased, and on potential means of reducing the disparity in persistence of disorders across ethnic groups.

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A culturally competent relaxation intervention for Latino/as: Assessing a culturally specific match model.
Roche, M. J. L., Batista, C., & D’Angelo, E. J. (2011) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01124.x · Cited by 13
Depressive role impairment and subthreshold depression in older black and white women: race differences in the clinical significance criterion
Wyman, M. F., Jonaitis, E. M., Ward, E. C., Zuelsdorff, M. L., & Gleason, C. E. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219001133 · Cited by 12
“The paradoxical race differences in prevalence rates, described above among older adults, are also seen in younger samples (Breslau et al., 2005; Dunlop et al., 2003).”
Background
Mechanisms of Racial Health Disparities: Relationships between Coping and Psychological and Physiological Stress Responses
Allen, J. O., Watkins, D. C., Mezuk, B. R., Chatters, L. M., & Johnson‐Lawrence, V. (2020) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.30.4.563 · Cited by 13
Population Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Koenen, K. C., Ratanatharathorn, A. D., Bromet, E. J., Karam, E. G., & Stein, D. J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781107445130.006 · Cited by 12
Flourishing among young adult college students in the United States: sexual/gender and racial/ethnic disparities
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Dismantling the monolith: ethnic origin, racial identity, and major depression among US-born Black Americans
Esie, P., & Bates, L. M. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02412-w · Cited by 14
Race, Employment Disadvantages, and Heavy Drinking: A Multilevel Model
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“The difference may be partly explained by Blacks’ economic and social disadvantages (Breslau et al. 2005).”
Background
Lives in Isolation: Stories and Struggles of Low‐income African American Women with Panic Disorder
Johnson, M., Mills, T. L., DeLeon, J. M., Hartzema, A. G., & Haddad, J. (2009) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00079.x · Cited by 12
“While the incidence of panic disorder is similar across ethnic groups, African Americans who develop panic disorder have a more chronic course [11].”
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Spatial path models with multiple indicators and multiple causes: Mental health in US counties
Congdon, P. D. (2011) · Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sste.2011.03.003 · Cited by 11
“This choice of county race indices reflects evidence that, after controlling for socio-economic status, black Americans and Hispanics have lower rates of psychiatric disorder (Breslau et al., 2005).”
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Distribution and Neighborhood Correlates of Sober Living House Locations in Los Angeles
Mericle, A. A., Karriker‐Jaffe, K. J., Gupta, S., Sheridan, D. M., & Polcin, D. L. (2016) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12084 · Cited by 12
Characterizing Depression and Comorbid Medical Conditions in African American Women in a Primary Care Setting
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Problem Drinking by Race and Nativity: What Is Learned from Social Structural and Mental Health‐Related Data of US‐Born and Immigrant Respondents?
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“This gap in the literature is concerning given AA emerging adults are an especially high-risk group because of combined influences of disproportionate burden of mental illness experienced by AAs (4)and their greater likelihood of experiencing persistent illness once diagnosed (22-23).”
Possible link of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-2 with psychiatric diagnosis, ethnicity, disaster or BMI
Tucker, P. M., Pfefferbaum, B. J., Nitiéma, P., Khan, Q., Aggarwal, R., & Walling, E. (2017) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2017.04.025 · Cited by 12
CULTURAL FACTORS, STIGMA, STRESS, AND HELP-SEEKING ATTITUDES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS
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Mindful attention moderating the effect of experiential avoidance in terms of mental health among Latinos in a federally qualified health center
Raines, E. M., Rogers, A. H., Bakhshaie, J., Viana, A. G., Lemaire, C., Garza, M., Mayorga, N. A., Ochoa-Perez, M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.036 · Cited by 11
Racial and ethnic disparities in women’s mental health: a narrative synthesis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the US-based samples
Phimphasone‐Brady, P., Page, C. E., Ali, D. A., Haller, H., & Duffy, K. A. (2023) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.01.032 · Cited by 11
Academic, Psychosocial, and Demographic Correlates of School-Based Health Center Utilization: Patterns by Service Type
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Persistence, Impairment, Disability and Unmet Treatment of Lifetime and 12-Month Anxiety Disorders in Black Men and Women, 50 Years of Age and Older
Jones, A. L., Rafferty, J. A., Cochran, S. D., Abelson, J. M., & Mays, V. M. (2022) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643221086065 · Cited by 11
Immigrants’ Pathways to Outpatient Mental Health: Are there Differences with the Native Population?
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Ethnic and Gender Differences in Help Seeking for Substance Disorders Among Black Americans
Redmond, M. L., Watkins, D. C., Broman, C. L., Abelson, J. M., & Neighbors, H. W. (2016) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-016-0230-3 · Cited by 12
The Relationship of Adult Mental Disorders to Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity, Marital Status, and Urbanicity of Residence
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Psychiatric Disorders and Substance Use Among African American Women in HIV Care
Hutton, H. E., Cardin, N., Ereme, K., Chander, G., Xu, X., & McCaul, M. E. (2020) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-020-02858-6 · Cited by 11
Explaining the Black-white depression paradox: Interrogating the Environmental Affordances Model
Pamplin, J. R., Kezios, K., Hayes‐Larson, E., Keyes, K. M., Susser, E., Factor-Litvak, P. R., Link, B. G., & Bates, L. M. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113869 · Cited by 11
Chronic Stress, Coping, and Mental Health Among Older African Americans
Mouzon, D. M. (2022) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643221085805 · Cited by 12
“Religious and spiritual involvement among older African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-HispanicWhites: Findings from the national survey of American life.”
BackgroundInfluential
Remission from Substance Dependence in U.S. Whites, African Americans, and Latinos
Arndt, S. V., Vélez, M. B., Segre, L. S., & Clayton, R. (2010) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2010.522889 · Cited by 11
Examining PTSD Prevalence Among Underserved Populations in the Integrated Community Mental Health Setting 2019 to 2022
Jones, M. W. H., Cook, N., McGrath, R., Crist, R. L., Larson, A. E., Templeton, A. R., Nishiike, Y., Koroukian, S. M., Zyzanski, S. J., & Stange, K. C. (2024) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319241291751 · Cited by 10
Substance Use Issues Among the Underserved
Kowalchuk, A. A., González, S., & Zoorob, R. (2017) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2016.09.013 · Cited by 10
Longitudinal Analysis of Mental Disorder Burden Among Elderly Patients With Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Harris, J. P., Kashyap, M., Humphreys, J., Chang, D. T., & Pollom, E. L. (2021) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2020.7620 · Cited by 11
Translating disparities research to policy: A qualitative study of state mental health policymakers’ perceptions of mental health care disparities report cards.
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“Keywords: report cards, health disparities, mental health Among those with mental illness, racial/ethnic minorities experience greater severity and chronicity of mental illness (Breslau et al., 2005; Williams & Rucker, 2000).”
Background
Genome‐wide admixture mapping of DSM‐IV alcohol dependence, criterion count, and the self‐rating of the effects of ethanol in African American populations
Lai, D., Kapoor, M., Wetherill, L. F., Schwandt, M. L., Ramchandani, V. A., Goldman, D. A., Chao, M. J., Almasy, L. A., Bucholz, K. K., Hart, R. P., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32805 · Cited by 9
Investigation of the Disparity Between New York City and National Prevalence of Nonspecific Psychological Distress Among Hispanics
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“Many studies, for example, demonstrate similar or lower prevalence of NPD and other adverse mental health outcomes among Hispanics compared with whites (3,4-6).”
Result
The Relationship between Nonresident Father Involvement and Maternal Depression in Fragile Families
Slade, A. N. (2013) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/670231 · Cited by 10
“Although the intrinsic demographic and physical health characteristics of the mother are important for her risk for depression ðKessler and Zhao 1999; Breslau et al. 2005; DeKlyen et al. 2006Þ, a growing literature implicates household and relationship characteristics.”
Background
Improving Research Quality to Achieve Mental Health Equity
Moore, Q. L., Tennant, P. S., & Fortuna, L. R. (2020) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.005 · Cited by 10
Disparities in mental health symptoms recovery across race/ethnicity and education level following mild traumatic brain injury
Remigio‐Baker, R. A., Hungerford, L. D., Lee‐Tauler, S. Y., Bailie, J. M., Caswell, M., Babakhanyan, I., & Ettenhofer, M. L. (2022) · Dialogues in Health · doi:10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100048 · Cited by 11
Estimating the Long-Term Causal Effects of Attending Historically Black Colleges or Universities on Depressive Symptoms
Thyden, N. H., McGuire, C. M., Slaughter‐Acey, J., Widome, R., Warren, J. R., & Osypuk, T. L. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac199 · Cited by 12
Cognitive flexibility and the health of Black college-attending young adults experiencing interpersonal racial discrimination
Volpe, V. V., Beacham, A. R., & Olafunmiloye, O. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105319869812 · Cited by 9
“…United States (i.e. African American, Caribbean Black, AfroLatinx, African, and bi-/multi-racial individuals) face multiple psychosocial stressors that contribute to poor mental (e.g. Breslau et al., 2005; Williams, 2018) and physical (e.g. Goosby et al., 2018; Kurian and Cardarelli, 2007) health.”
Background
Psychological distress among Cuban and Colombian immigrants in Miami: Considering the roles of acculturation and ethnic discrimination
Cislo, A. M. (2007) · Cited by 9

Authors: BRESLAU, J., KENDLER, K. S., SU, M., GAXIOLA-AGUILAR, S., & KESSLER, R. C.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
ORCID: BRESLAU, JOSHUA
KENDLER, KENNETH S.
SU, MAXWELL
KESSLER, RONALD C.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2004-09-29
Volume: 35
Issue: 3
Pages: 317-327
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291704003514
PMC: PMC2748985
OpenAlex: W2119176293
Cited by: 642
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 22.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (5 KO1 MH66057-02, K01MH066057)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: ethnic disparities, psychiatric morbidity, lifetime risk, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, Hispanic Americans, African Americans, social deprivation, National Comorbidity Survey
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Ethnicity, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Morbidity, Risk Factors, Social Class, United States

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Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States

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