Combined medication and CBT for generalized anxiety disorder with African American participants: Reliability and validity of assessments and preliminary outcomes
Open accessAbstract
Using data from a study of combined cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and venlafaxine XR in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the current article examines the reliability and convergent validity of scales, and preliminary outcomes, for African American compared with European American patients. Internal consistency and short-term stability coefficients for African Americans (n=42) were adequate and similar or higher compared with those found for European Americans (n=164) for standard scales used in GAD treatment research. Correlations among outcome measures among African Americans were in general not significantly different for African Americans compared with European Americans. A subset of patients with DSM-IV-diagnosed GAD (n=24 African Americans; n=52 European Americans) were randomly selected to be offered the option of adding 12 sessions of CBT to venlafaxine XR treatment. Of those offered CBT, 33.3% (n=8) of the African Americans and 32.6% (n=17) of the European Americans accepted and attended at least one CBT treatment session. The outcomes for African Americans receiving combined treatment were not significantly different from European Americans receiving combined treatment on primary or secondary efficacy measures.
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Markell et al. (2014) found similar responses to CBT and venlafaxine XR in African American and European American patients.
“One notable exception is Markell et al. (2014) who examined comparative treatment response of CBT versus venlafaxine XR in African Americans compared with European Americans and found similar responses to these treatments in the two racial groups.”
From A Pilot Study of Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety and Depression: Findings From a Diverse Sample of Young Adults. (2018) · cites this paper as Markell et al. (2014)
The Results (Preliminary Efficacy; page not provided) report no significant racial-group differences in outcomes among patients receiving combined CBT and venlafaxine XR. But the Discussion states that the study examined combined treatment, not CBT alone; it therefore does not support the citing sentence’s characterization of a comparison of CBT versus venlafaxine XR. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA few pilot studies have reported treatment efficacy in African American, Latino or mixed racially or ethnically diverse groups with generalized anxiety disorder, though these require replication with more rigorous methodologies.
“A few pilot studies have reported treatment efficacy in African American, Latino or mixed racially or ethnically diverse groups with GAD [e.g., 120,121,122], though these require replication with more rigorous methodologies.”
From Psychotherapeutic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: cognitive and behavioral therapies, enhancement strategies, and emerging efforts (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
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- Authors
- Markell, H. M., Newman, M. G., Gallop, R., Gibbons, M. B. C., Rickels, K., & Crits-Christoph, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- West Chester University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crits-Christoph, Paul
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 495-506
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4260926
- OpenAlex
- W1987773853
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (R01-065963)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R34MH072678)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, African American patients, European American patients, treatment acceptability, combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, scale reliability, convergent validity
- MeSH terms
- Venlafaxine Hydrochloride, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Black or African American, Combined Modality Therapy, Cyclohexanols, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Reproducibility of Results, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
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