Caffeine intake, toxicity and dependence and lifetime risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders: An epidemiologic and co-twin control analysis
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive substance and often produces symptoms of toxicity and dependence, little is known, especially in community samples, about the association between caffeine use, toxicity and dependence and risk for common psychiatric and substance use disorders. METHOD: Assessments of lifetime maximal caffeine use and symptoms of caffeine toxicity and dependence were available on over 3600 adult twins ascertained from the population-based Virginia Twin Registry. Lifetime histories of major depression (MD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder, alcohol dependence, adult antisocial behavior and cannabis and cocaine abuse/dependence were obtained at personal interview. Logistic regression analyses in the entire sample and within monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs were conducted in SAS. RESULTS: In the entire sample, measures of maximal caffeine use, heavy caffeine use, and caffeine-related toxicity and dependence were significantly and positively associated with all seven psychiatric and substance use disorders. However, within MZ twin pairs, controlling for genetic and family environmental factors, these associations, while positive, were all non-significant. These results were similar when excluding twins who denied regular caffeine use. CONCLUSIONS: Maximal lifetime caffeine intake and caffeine-associated toxicity and dependence are moderately associated with risk for a wide range of psychiatric and substance use disorders. Analyses of these relationships within MZ twin pairs suggest that most of the observed associations are not causal. Rather, familial factors, which are probably in part genetic, predispose to both caffeine intake, toxicity and dependence and the risk for a broad array of internalizing and externalizing disorders.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The risk of developing anxiety and panic disorder increases after consumption of more than six cups of coffee a day.
“Meanwhile, the risk of developing anxiety and panic disorder has been reported to increase after consumption of more than six cups of coffee a day [21].”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Caffeinated energy drinks a growing problem
Reissig, C. J., Strain, E. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review
Temple, J. L., Bernard, C., Lipshultz, S. E., Czachor, J. D., Westphal, J. A., & Mestre, M. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Glade, M. J. (2010) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2010.08.004 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
“However, an analysis of differences within several thousand pairs of monozygotic twins demonstrated that the routine daily consumption of up to 3000 mg of caffeine did not increase the likelihood of developing major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, adult antisocial personality disorder, alcoho…”
BackgroundCoffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Depression Among Women
Lucas, M. (2011) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.393 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Grosso, G., Micek, A., Castellano, S., Pajak, A., & Galvano, F. (2015) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500620 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Caffeine, Mental Health, and Psychiatric Disorders
Lara, D. R. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-1378 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“Specifically for mental health, in the general population caffeine intake was moderately associated with risk for a wide range of psychiatric and substance use disorders, but not as a causal factor [17].”
BackgroundArria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Kasperski, S. J., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., Griffiths, R. R., & Wish, E. D. (2010) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0b013e3181aa8dd4 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Mechanisms of the psychostimulant effects of caffeine: implications for substance use disorders
Ferré, S. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4212-2 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“analysis (Kendler et al. 2006).”
Caffeine as a factor influencing the functioning of the human body-friend or foe?
Rodak, K., Kokot, I., & Kratz, E. M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13093088 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“[94] analyzed data from the Virginia Twin Registry of about 3600 adult twins and reported that the risk of developing anxiety increased after consumption of >6 cups of caffeinated coffee per day.”
MethodPotential Therapeutic Interest of Adenosine A2A Receptors in Psychiatric Disorders
Cunha, R. A., Ferré, S., Vaugeois, J., & Chen, J. (2008) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161208784480090 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“Likewise, an analysis of life-long caffeine consumption in twin pairs failed to note any evident relation between caffeine intake and the risk for common psychiatric disorders [142].”
BackgroundCaffeine consumption and self-assessed stress, anxiety, and depression in secondary school children
Richards, G., & Smith, A. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881115612404 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Though the use of caffeine is moderately related to a range of psychiatric and substance use disorders in the general population, the relationships appear not to be causal (Kendler et al., 2006), and results between studies are equivocal (for a review of the area see Lara, 2010).”
ResultEnergy Drinks, Soft Drinks, and Substance Use Among United States Secondary School Students
Terry‐McElrath, Y. M., O’Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. D. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.adm.0000435322.07020.53 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Also possible is that some adolescent soft drink users and substance users share other similar personal characteristics and/or peer groups (Arria, 2009) or underlying disorders such as depression (Kendler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundCoffee and caffeine consumption and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Wang, L., Shen, X., Wu, Y., & Zhang, D. (2016) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415603131 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(3) studies, four studies were cross-sectional designs (Kendler et al., 2006; Kuczmarski et al., 2015; Pham et al., 2014; Smith, 2009) and the other four studies were cohort designs (Lucas et al.”
BackgroundA Review of Energy Drinks and Mental Health, with a Focus on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression
Richards, G., & Smith, A. P. (2016) · Journal of Caffeine Research · doi:10.1089/jcr.2015.0033 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Jee, H. J., Lee, S. G., Bormate, K. J., & Jung, Y.-S. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12103080 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, the risk of developing anxiety and panic disorder has been reported to increase after consumption of more than six cups of coffee a day [21].”
BackgroundInvolvement of Adenosine A2A Receptors in Depression and Anxiety
Yamada, K., Kobayashi, M., & Kanda, T. (2014) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00015-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Trapp, G., Allen, K. L., O’Sullivan, T. A., Robinson, M., Jacoby, P., & Oddy, W. H. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.006 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ANXIETY IN AUSTRALIAN YOUNG ADULT MALES
Trapp, G., Allen, K. L., O’Sullivan, T. A., Robinson, M., Jacoby, P., & Oddy, W. H. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22175 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Studies in adult twins show that lifetime high 333 caffeine intake, caffeine toxicity and caffeine dependence are is significantly and positively 334 associated with various psychiatric disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, panic 335 disorder, antisocial personality disorder, major depression, alcohol depe…”
BackgroundCaffeine Use Disorder: A Review of the Evidence and Future Implications
Addicott, M. A. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0024-9 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Oliveira, S. M., Ardais, A. P., Bastos, C. R., Gazal, M., Jansen, K., Souza, L. D. D. M., da Silva, R. A., Kaster, M. P., Lara, D. R., & Ghisleni, G. (2018) · Purinergic Signalling · doi:10.1007/s11302-018-9635-2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A Prospective Study of Caffeine Intake and Risk of Incident Tinnitus
Glicksman, J. T., Curhan, S. G., & Curhan, G. C. (2014) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.02.033 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive substance, frequently consumed in coffee.([5]) Over 50% of Americans drink coffee, and the per capita intake is 2 cups per day.”
BackgroundDillon, P. M., Kelpin, S. S., Kendler, K. S., Thacker, L. R., Dick, D. M., & Svikis, D. S. (2019) · Journal of Caffeine and Adenosine Research · doi:10.1089/caff.2018.0008 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Further, genetic studies found an association in adult twins between lifetime caffeine use, toxicity, and dependence and development of substance use disorders including alcohol dependence, marijuana use, and cocaine abuse/dependence.(43)”
BackgroundSelf-citationTorabynasab, K., Shahinfar, H., Payandeh, N., & Jazayeri, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1051444 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The “Buzz” on Caffeine: Patterns of Caffeine Use in a Convenience Sample of College Students
Norton, T. R., Lazev, A. B., & Sullivan, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Caffeine Research · doi:10.1089/jcr.2010.0003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Although some studies have found that men consume more caffeine than women 3,28,29 and find caffeine more reinforcing, 30 others show no gender differences.”
Potential link between caffeine consumption and pediatric depression: A case-control study
Benko, C. R., de Farias, A. C., Farias, L. G., Pereira, É. F., Louzada, F. M., & Cordeiro, M. L. (2011) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-11-73 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In addition, caffeine usage has been moderately associated with a genetic predisposition for major depression, anxiety and substance use disorders [19].”
Modulation of neuroimmunity by adenosine and its receptors: Metabolism to mental illness
Chiu, G. S., & Freund, G. G. (2014) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.09.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Evren, C., & Evren, B. (2015) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2015.05.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Studies in adult twins show that lifetime caffeine intake, caffeine toxicity and caffeine dependence are significantly and positively associated with various psychiatric disorders (Kendler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBergin, J. E., & Kendler, K. S. (2012) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2012.25 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Comorbidity between GAD and caffeine use phenotypes has also been established (Kendler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationIoannidis, K., Chamberlain, S. R., & Müller, U. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114541014 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Some authors concluded that familial factors (partially genetic) probably predispose to caffeine use and risk for various psychiatric disorders (Kendler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundEnergy Drink Use and Substance Use Among Musicians
Miller, K. E., & Quigley, B. M. (2011) · Journal of Caffeine Research · doi:10.1089/jcr.2011.0003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Patterns of caffeine consumption in psychiatric patients. An Italian study
Ciapparelli, A., Paggini, R., Carmassi, C., Taponecco, C., Consoli, G., Ciampa, G., Ramacciotti, C., Marazziti, D., & Dell’Osso, L. (2009) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.02.010 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“An explanation of this finding might be that one or more factors, perhaps even on a genetic basis, may predispose to both heavy caffeine intake and higher severity of symptoms [19].”
BackgroundResultMuñiz, J. A., Prieto, J. P., González, B., Sosa, M. H., Cadet, J. L., Scorza, C., Urbano, F. J., & Bisagno, V. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00200 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“In addition, caffeine intake is positively correlated with substance-use disorders (Kendler et al., 2006) and has been shown to increase illicit drug use (Miller, 2008).”
BackgroundFrigerio, S., Strawbridge, R., & Young, A. H. (2020) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12990 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Meredith, S. E., Sweeney, M. M., Johnson, P. S., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2015) · Journal of Caffeine Research · doi:10.1089/jcr.2015.0024 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chapter 48. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Fitzpatrick, S., Jarnecke, A. M., Back, S. E., Straus, E., Norman, S., & Hien, D. A. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615373970.kb48 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Purinergic transmission in depressive disorders
Szopa, A., Socała, K., Serefko, A., Doboszewska, U., Wróbel, A., Poleszak, E., & Właź, P. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107821 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Makki, N., Alharbi, S. T., Alharbi, A. M., Alsharif, A. S., & Aljabri, A. M. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.48018 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Caffeine has been classically considered to induce anxiety at higher doses, typically over 300 mg, but the consumption of caffeine is poorly correlated with anxiety or anxious traits [22,23].”
BackgroundEffects of Adolescent Caffeine Consumption on Cocaine Sensitivity
O’Neill, C. E., Levis, S. C., Schreiner, D. C., Amat, J., Maier, S. F., & Bachtell, R. K. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.278 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Caffeine intake is positively correlated with substance-use disorders (Kendler et al, 2006) and has been shown to increase illicit drug use and other risky behaviors in young adults (Miller, 2008).”
Are “social drugs” (tobacco, coffee and chocolate) related to the bipolar spectrum?
Maremmani, I., Perugi, G., Rovai, L., Maremmani, A. G. I., Pacini, M., Canonico, P. L., Carbonato, P., Mencacci, C., Muscettola, G., Pani, L., et al. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.019 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In line with the hypothesis of a continuum between the use of legal and illegal substances, the use of caffeine and nicotine has been associated both with alcohol use disorders and substance use disorders (Hakko et al., 2006; Kendler et al., 2006; Leibenluft et al., 1993).”
BackgroundPeacock, A., Bruno, R., Ferris, J., & WINSTOCK, A. R. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.010 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“) common genetic, psychosocial and cultural risk factors which predispose caffeinated ED, alcohol and drug use (Arria et al., 2011; Kendler et al., 2006), ii.”
BackgroundCaffeinated alcohol consumption profiles and associations with use severity and outcome expectancies
Lau‐Barraco, C., Milletich, R. J., & Linden, A. N. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.017 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The severity of caffeine use and dependence also is associated with various substance use disorders including alcohol dependence, as well as cocaine and cannabis use disorders (Kendler et al., 2006).”
Tea‐drinking habit among new university students: Associated factors
Tseng, H. C., Wang, C., Cheng, S. H., Sun, Z., Chen, P. S., Lee, C., Lin, S., Yang, Y. K., & Yang, Y. (2013) · The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.kjms.2013.08.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Other studies have confirmed that lifetime caffeine intake, caffeine toxicity, and caffeine dependencearepositively associatedwith variouspsychiatric disorders including major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, antisocial personality disorder, alcohol dependence, cocaine and cannabis abuse/depen…”
BackgroundWu, Y., Lu, Y., & Xie, G. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.061 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x16_substance_related_disorders · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Shree Lakshmi Devi, S., Chandrakumari, A. S., & Basalingappa, S. (2018) · Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.13005/bpj/1476 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Psychopathology Related to Energy Drinks: A Psychosis Case Report
Hernández-Huerta, D., Martín-Larrégola, M., Gómez-Arnau, J., Correas-Lauffer, J., & Dolengevich-Segal, H. (2017) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2017/5094608 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“A genetic factor seems to predispose people to both caffeine intake and the risk for psychiatric disorders [10].”
BackgroundCaffeine choice prospectively predicts positive subjective effects of caffeine and d-amphetamine
Sigmon, S. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.018 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“, alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, cocaine abuse/dependence) (Arria et al., 2010, 2011; Kendler et al., 2006; Svikis et al., 2005).”
Associations Between Korean Adolescents' Energy Drink Consumption and Suicidal Ideation and Attempts
Kim, J., Kim, K., & Seo, Y. (2017) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2017.11.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Brathwaite, J. M., Costa, L. A. D., & El‐Sohemy, A. (2011) · Journal of Caffeine Research · doi:10.1089/jcr.2011.0015 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bae, E. J., Kim, E. B., Choi, B. R., Won, S. H., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. M., Yoo, H. J., Bae, S., & Lim, M. H. (2019) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.190015 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Yudko, E. B., & McNiece, S. I. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000077 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The association between caffeine use and MDD is less clear than caffeine’s relationship to anxiety.”
BackgroundInfluentialSvikis, D. S., Dillon, P. M., Meredith, S. E., Thacker, L. R., Polak, K., Edwards, A. C., Pomm, D., Dick, D. M., Kendler, K. S., Spit for Science Working Group, et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13012-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“, coffee, tea, and/or soft drinks) and caffeine dependence are associated with dependence on alcohol and illicit drugs [23].”
BackgroundSelf-citationStaack, A., Distelberg, B. J., Moldovan, C. P., Belay, R. E., & Sabaté, J. (2022) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2021.0467 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Findings are consistent with some prior reports showing that low and moderate caffeine consumption did not induce anxiety, 31,41,42 but inconsistent with others that also found benefits of caffeine on depression.”
L’abus de boissons énergisantes présente-t-il un risque ?
Petit, A., Karila, L., & Lejoyeux, M. (2015) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2014.07.029 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Prädiktive Faktoren bei Angststörungen
Domschke, K. (2014) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-014-4047-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Addiction to Caffeine and Other Xanthines
Favrod-Coune, T., & Broers, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_16 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Grogan, K., & Bramham, J. (2015) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-015-0183-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Caffeinated Beverages, Behavior, and Brain Structure
Onaolapo, O. J., & Onaolapo, A. Y. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815864-7.00005-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Coffee and mental disorders: How caffeine affects anxiety and depression
Meamar, M., Raise‐Abdullahi, P., Rashidy‐Pour, A., & Raeis-Abdollahi, E. (2024) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.06.015 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Intravenous and oral caffeine self-administration in rats
Bradley, C. A., & Palmatier, M. I. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.033 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pereira‐Morales, A. J., Casiraghi, L. P., Adán, A., & Camargo, A. (2018) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1530257 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In addition, caffeine intake have been associated with a wide range of psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, however, the results in this topic are contradictory (Kendler et al. 2006).”
Larson, T. A., O’Neill, C. E., Palumbo, M. P., & Bachtell, R. K. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118812098 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gonçalves, B. D. S. B., Leal-Rocha, P. H., Manhães, A. C., Filgueiras, C. C., Abreu‐Villaça, Y., & Ribeiro‐Carvalho, A. (2018) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.12.026 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Alcohol use and problems in daily and non-daily coffee drinking college females
Kelpin, S. S., Moore, T. B., Hull, L. C., Dillon, P. M., Perry, B. L., Thacker, L. R., Hancock, L., & Svikis, D. S. (2018) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2018.1459901 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Czajkowski, N. O., Kendler, K. S., Torvik, F. A., Ystrøm, E., Rosenström, T. H., Gillespie, N. A., & Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T. (2020) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000429 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation between Caffeine Consumption and Depression in NHANES 2009-2010
Pogoda, J. M., Patricio, G., & McEligot, A. J. (2018) · Californian Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.32398/cjhp.v16i1.2120 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Assessment of Co-occurring Addictive and Other Mental Disorders
Kavanagh, D. J., & Connolly, J. M. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374348-0.00005-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Perspective on Consumption of Energy Drinks
İncedayı, B., Çopur, Ö. U., Karabacak, A. Ö., & Bekar, E. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815851-7.00016-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
CAFFEINE CONSUMPTION AMONG WORKERS WITH PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL RISK FACTORS
Димитрова, T., Hristova, D., & Nikolov, P. (2018) · Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) · doi:10.5272/jimab.2018244.2285 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Harris, D. R., & Machek, S. B. (2021) · Journal of Exercise and Nutrition · doi:10.53520/jen2021.10397 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Substance Use and Addictive Disorders: Caffeine
Meredith, S. E., & Griffiths, R. R. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch73 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kadhim, S. N., Ahmed, Z., & Abdulsahib, M. L. (2024) · Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.22270/ujpr.v9i2.1081 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vinader‐Caerols, C., Monleón, S., & Parra, A. (2014) · Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409517-5.00050-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Diet and depression : an epidemiological study
Ruusunen, A. A. (2013) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Schizophreniform Disorder Following Excessive Consumption of Energy Drinks: A Case Report
Elhag, I. M., & Auf, A. I. (2021) · Archives of Psychiatry Research · doi:10.20471/dec.2021.57.02.10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Moreover, heavy caffeine consumption is significantly associated with some psychiatric disorders, including depressive and anxiety disorders [8].”
BackgroundAnxiety, Depression and Antidepressant Drug Usage Among Indian College Students
Amiri, R. (2022) · Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.31080/asps.2022.06.0889 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Caffeine and Anxiety-Like Behavior
Ribeiro‐Carvalho, A., Dutra-Tavares, A. C., Filgueiras, C. C., Manhães, A. C., & Abreu‐Villaça, Y. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92392-1_80 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wahler, E., & Sullivan, W. (2017) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1606/1044-3894.2017.98.34 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Caffeine and Anxiety-Like Behavior
Ribeiro‐Carvalho, A., Dutra-Tavares, A. C., Filgueiras, C. C., Manhães, A. C., & Abreu‐Villaça, Y. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67928-6_80-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
3º CONGRESSO INTERDISCIPLINAR DA ÁREA MÉDICA
Recima, R. (2022) · RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.47820/recima21.v3i1.2562 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lee, E.-J., & Jung, B.-M. (2023) · The Korean Journal of Community Living Science · doi:10.7856/kjcls.2023.34.1.47 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Highly Selective Caffeine Coated-Wire Electrode Based on the Molecularly Imprinted Polymer
Guo, X. J., Wei, S. L., & Liu, Y. (2012) · Advanced materials research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.369
FRANCES, R. J. (2008) · Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health · doi:10.1016/s0084-3970(08)70673-x
Hine, J. F., Grimes, L. M., Labaton, R. S., Kennedy, A. E., & Warzak, W. J. (2015) · Journal of Caffeine Research · doi:10.1089/jcr.2014.0030
“2 examined caffeine use in relation to participants’ risk of lifetime psychiatric disorder, which included major depression.”
Patients who are substance dependent
Valentine, J. B. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-28730-2.00022-4
Genetic Variability in Caffeine Acute Effects and Withdrawal Symptoms
Brathwaite, J. M. (2011) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Sleep and the impact of caffeine, supplements, and other stimulants
Chaudhary, N. S., Pitale, P. M., & Mondesir, F. L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815373-4.00023-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diagnozowanie innych zaburzeń psychicznych współwystępujących z uzależnieniami
Kavanagh, D. J., & Connolly, J. M. (2013) · Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego eBooks · doi:10.31338/uw.9788323513759.pp.103-130
Preventing Anxiety Disorders in Integrated Care
Willis, B., & Zimmermann, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83469-2_7
Disorders Due to Substance Use: Caffeine
Sweeney, M. M., & Griffiths, R. R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_49-1
Disorders due to Substance Use: Caffeine
Sweeney, M. M., & Griffiths, R. R. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_49
Review on Melancholic Disorder
Madane, T. S., Lakhapate, S. S., Devade, O. A., Purane, L. M., & Redasani, V. K. (2025) · Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics · doi:10.52711/2321-5836.2025.00014
Amanolahi, A., & Amanolahi, P. (2025) · Journal of the Selva Andina Research Society · doi:10.36610/j.jsars.20252328
“The quadriceps are particularly vulnerable to atrophy following ACL injury and surgery, with significant decreases in strength during the first 4-12 postoperative weeks due to biological changes in graft remodeling and neuromuscular inhibition 26,27 .”
InfluentialSleep and the impact of caffeine, energy supplements, and other stimulants
Chaudhary, N. S., Pitale, P. M., & Mondesir, F. L. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13954-3.00032-2
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Hallit, R. R., Malaeb, D. N., Sakr, F., Dabbous, M., Obeïd, S., Harb, F., & Hallit, S. R. (2026) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060261450644
- Authors
- KENDLER, K. S., MYERS, J., & O. GARDNER, C.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- ORCID
- KENDLER, KENNETH S.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006-08-08
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1717-1725
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2108117106
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-49492, R01MH049492)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA011287, DA011287)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- caffeine consumption, caffeine toxicity, caffeine dependence, mental illness, substance use disorders, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, alcoholism, antisocial behavior, cannabis use disorder, cocaine abuse, monozygotic twins, genetic susceptibility, family factors, internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Caffeine, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Twins, Monozygotic, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
