Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Depression Among Women
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Caffeine is the world's most widely used central nervous system stimulant, with approximately 80% consumed in the form of coffee. However, studies that analyze prospectively the relationship between coffee or caffeine consumption and depression risk are scarce. METHODS: A total of 50,739 US women (mean age, 63 years) free of depressive symptoms at baseline (in 1996) were prospectively followed up through June 1, 2006. Consumption of caffeine was measured from validated questionnaires completed from May 1, 1980, through April 1, 2004, and computed as cumulative mean consumption with a 2-year latency period applied. Clinical depression was defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed depression and antidepressant use. Relative risks of clinical depression were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: During 10 years of follow-up (1996-2006), 2607 incident cases of depression were identified. Compared with women consuming 1 or less cup of caffeinated coffee per week, the multivariate relative risk of depression was 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.95) for those consuming 2 to 3 cups per day and 0.80 (0.64-0.99; P for trend<.001) for those consuming 4 cups per day or more. Multivariate relative risk of depression was 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.68-0.95; P for trend=.02) for women in the highest (≥550 mg/d) vs lowest (<100 mg/d) of the 5 caffeine consumption categories. Decaffeinated coffee was not associated with depression risk. CONCLUSIONS: In this large longitudinal study, we found that depression risk decreases with increasing caffeinated coffee consumption. Further investigations are needed to confirm this finding and to determine whether usual caffeinated coffee consumption can contribute to depression prevention.
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Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist, and epidemiological studies have shown that intake of caffeine is closely related to the occurrence of suicide and depression.
“Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist, and epidemiological studies have shown that the intake of caffeine is closely related to the occurrence of suicide 99 and depression. 100”
From Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
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- Authors
- Lucas, M.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lucas, Michel
- ORCID
- Lucas, Michel
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-09-26
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1571
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3296361
- OpenAlex
- W2116719492
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 11.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, DK58845)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS061858)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, caffeine, depression, women, major depressive disorder, decaffeinated coffee, depression prevention, caffeine consumption
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Caffeine, Coffee, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk
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