Longitudinal associations between post-traumatic distress and depressive symptoms following a traumatic event: a test of three models
Abstract
Background: Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly co-morbid following a traumatic event. Nevertheless, decisive evidence regarding the direction of the relationship between these clinical entities is missing. Method: The aim of the present study was to examine the nature of this relationship by comparing a synchronous change model (PTSD and depression are time synchronous, possibly stemming from a third common factor) with a demoralization model (i.e. PTSD symptoms causing depression) and a depressogenic model (i.e. depressive symptoms causing PTSD symptoms). Israeli adult victims of single-event traumas ( n =156) were assessed on measures of PTSD and depression at 2, 4 and 12 weeks post-event. Results: A cross-lagged structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis provided results consistent with the synchronous change model and the depressogenic model. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms may play an important role in the development of post-traumatic symptoms.
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Researchers have used burnout scales to predict reductions in productivity and people's departure from jobs with volunteer content moderators.
“Just as occupational researchers have used burnout scales to predict reductions in productivity and people's departure from jobs, researchers have done the same with volunteer content moderators [88,162].”
From Measuring the Mental Health of Content Reviewers, a Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [162]
The findings of that ProQoL survey omit compassion satisfaction results for unknown reasons.
“Yet the findings omit compassion satisfaction results for unknown reasons [162].”
From Measuring the Mental Health of Content Reviewers, a Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [162]
Other studies have used research-oriented measures of burnout or some of both.
“Others have used research-oriented measures of burnout [162] or some of both [174].”
From Measuring the Mental Health of Content Reviewers, a Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [162]
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Measuring the Mental Health of Content Reviewers, a Systematic Review
Gonzalez, A., & Matias, J. N. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.00244 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Although content moderators report anxiety, depression, nightmares, fatigue, and panic attacks [128, 130, 169], mental health problems such as PTSD, STS, and burnout also correlate with other diagnoses such as depression and anxiety [79, 161, 168].”
- Authors
- Schindel-Allon, I., Aderka, I. M., Shahar, G., Stein, M., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E.
- Affiliations
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Rabin Medical Center (IL)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-01-11
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1669-1678
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2033426771
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bar-Ilan University
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive symptoms, PTSD-depression comorbidity, causal direction, trauma patients, longitudinal associations
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Israel, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Psychological, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Time Factors, Chi-Square Distribution, Terrorism
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