The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: DSM-IV-TR suggests that clinicians should assess clinically relevant personality traits that do not necessarily constitute a formal personality disorder (PD), and should note these traits on Axis II, but DSM-IV-TR does not provide a trait model to guide the clinician. Our goal was to provide a provisional trait model and a preliminary corresponding assessment instrument, in our roles as members of the DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders Workgroup and workgroup advisors. METHOD: An initial list of specific traits and domains (broader groups of traits) was derived from DSM-5 literature reviews and workgroup deliberations, with a focus on capturing maladaptive personality characteristics deemed clinically salient, including those related to the criteria for DSM-IV-TR PDs. The model and instrument were then developed iteratively using data from community samples of treatment-seeking participants. The analytic approach relied on tools of modern psychometrics (e.g. item response theory models). RESULTS: A total of 25 reliably measured core elements of personality description emerged that, together, delineate five broad domains of maladaptive personality variation: negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a maladaptive personality trait model and corresponding instrument as a step on the path toward helping users of DSM-5 assess traits that may or may not constitute a formal PD. The inventory we developed is reprinted in its entirety in the Supplementary online material, with the goal of encouraging additional refinement and development by other investigators prior to the finalization of DSM-5. Continuing discussion should focus on various options for integrating personality traits into DSM-5.
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“In general, the results align with the findings in other low-intensity interventions for personality disorders that short-term interventions might be effective in alleviating symptoms.44”
From Recovery-focused self-help intervention using vodcasts for patients with personality disorder: Feasibility randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
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Betrayal trauma and personality pathology: an integrated review
Yalch, M. M., & Robbins, A. L. (2025) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2024.2429465 · Cited by 7
Mindfulness and negative affectivity in real time: a within-person process model
Mneimne, M., Dashineau, S., & Yoon, K. L. (2019) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1597684 · Cited by 7
Modeling trait depression amplifies the effect of childbearing on postpartum depression
Merkitch, K. G., Jonas, K. G., & O’Hara, M. W. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.017 · Cited by 6
Migalova, E., Furstova, J., Hasto, J., Tavel, P., & Kascakova, N. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03331-6 · Cited by 6
“The degree of maladaptive personality traits was measured using the PID-5 [28] in its shortened 100-item form [29].”
Kim, Y.-R., An, Z., Han, S. W., Ko, J. K., & Hwa Kwag, K. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.647 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krueger, R. F.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011-12-08
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1879-1890
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC3413381
- OpenAlex
- W2113457236
- Cited by
- 1,908
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 173 · 2023: 160 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 198 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 120 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 54.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U01AA018111, AA018111)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31DA029377, DA029377)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- maladaptive personality traits, personality disorders, DSM-5, personality tests, negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism, item response theory
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Middle Aged, Personality, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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