The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010
Abstract
Background: Despite their high prevalence, the global burden of anxiety disorders has never been calculated comprehensively. The new Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study has estimated burden due to morbidity and mortality caused by any anxiety disorder. Method: Prevalence was estimated using Bayesian meta-regression informed by data identified in a systematic review. Years of life lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated by multiplying prevalent cases by an average disability weight based on severity proportions (mild, moderate and severe). Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were then calculated and age standardized using global standard population figures. Estimates were also made for additional suicide mortality attributable to anxiety disorders. Findings are presented for YLDs, DALYs and attributable burden due to suicide for 21 world regions in 1990 and 2010. Results: Anxiety disorders were the sixth leading cause of disability, in terms of YLDs, in both high-income (HI) and low- and middle-income (LMI) countries. Globally, anxiety disorders accounted for 390 DALYs per 100 000 persons [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 191–371 DALYs per 100 000] in 2010, with no discernible change observed over time. Females accounted for about 65% of the DALYs caused by anxiety disorders, with the highest burden in both males and females experienced by those aged between 15 and 34 years. Although there was regional variation in prevalence, the overlap between uncertainty estimates means that substantive differences in burden between populations could not be identified. Conclusions: Anxiety disorders are chronic, disabling conditions that are distributed across the globe. Future estimates of burden could be further improved by obtaining more representative data on severity state proportions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In particular, depression and anxiety are leading causes of reduced quality of life among children and adolescents [4–8].”
From Psychological impacts of “screen time” and “green time” for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Experiences of depressive and anxiety symptoms in childhood and adolescence are associated with an elevated risk of poor mental health in adulthood [8–12]”
From Psychological impacts of “screen time” and “green time” for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Direct and indirect costs of depression and anxiety make these disorders main contributors to the global burden of disease [42, 43]”
From Mobile Apps for the Management of Comorbid Overweight/Obesity and Depression/Anxiety: A Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Anxiety disorders are common, burdensome and costly to individuals and wider society.”
From Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
Citations
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 · Cited by 19,575
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805
Self-citationVos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Naghavi, M., Lozano, R., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., Shibuya, K., Salomon, J. A., Abdalla, S., Aboyans, V., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61729-2 · Cited by 8,291
Self-citation(1996) · Cited by 6,884
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6 · Cited by 6,006
Self-citation(2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.21.2581 · Cited by 3,448 · cited 1×
“Several surveys have shown that most people experiencing an anxiety disorder do not seek treatment, particularly those with less severe symptoms (Demyttenaere et al. 2004).”
Background(2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2,521
The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Üstün, T. B., & Wang, P. S. (2009) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00001421 · Cited by 1,895
Salomon, J. A., Vos, T., Hogan, D. R., Gagnon, M., Naghavi, M., Mokdad, A., Begum, N., Shah, R., Karyana, M., Kosen, S., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61680-8 · Cited by 1,322
Self-citationGBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics
Murray, C. J., Ezzati, M., Flaxman, A. D., Lim, S., Lozano, R., Michaud, C., Naghavi, M., Salomon, J. A., Shibuya, K., Vos, T., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61899-6 · Cited by 1,103 · cited 5×
“In 2010, 7% of all suicide mortality was estimated to be attributable to anxiety disorders, resulting in 39 YLLs per 100000 population (95% UI 15–69 YLLs per 100000): 52 YLLs per 100000 males and 26 YLLs per 100000 females.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationQuality of Life in Individuals With Anxiety Disorders
Mendlowicz, M. V., & Stein, M. B. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.669 · Cited by 955
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Kokaua, J., Milne, B. J., Polanczyk, G., & Poulton, R. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991036 · Cited by 938
Neuropsychopharmacology : The Fifth Generation of Progress
Davis, K. L., Charney, D. S., Coyle, J. T., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2002) · Lippincott Williams & Wilkins eBooks · Cited by 747
Development of lifetime comorbidity in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys
Kessler, R. C., Ormel, J., Petukhova, M., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Russo, L. J., Stein, D. J., Zaslavsky, A. M., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., et al. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.180 · Cited by 508
McGorry, P. D., Purcell, R., Goldstone, S., & Amminger, G. P. (2011) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3283477a09 · Cited by 490
Baxter, A. J., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., Norman, R. E., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22230 · Cited by 403
Self-citationYonkers, K., Bruce, S., Dyck, I. R., & Keller, M. B. (2003) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10106 · Cited by 400
Disability and treatment of specific mental and physical disorders across the world
Ormel, J., Petukhova, M., Chatterji, S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bromet, E. J., Burger, H., Demyttenaere, K., de Girolamo, G., et al. (2008) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039107 · Cited by 389
Self-citationLi, Z., Page, A., Martin, G., & Taylor, R. J. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.008 · Cited by 349
Ciraulo, D. A. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3175-b · Cited by 233
Lochner, C., Mogotsi, M., du Toit, P. L., Kaminer, D., Niehaus, D. J., & Stein, D. J. (2003) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000073451 · Cited by 221
Prevalence and Severity of Mental Health-Related Disability and Relationship to Diagnosis
Sanderson, K. A., & Andrews, G. (2002) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.1.80 · Cited by 202
(2000) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.1590/s0042-96862000000400006 · Cited by 195
Andrews, G., Sanderson, K. A., Slade, T. N., & Issakidis, C. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/000486700536 · Cited by 121
ISSAKIDIS, C., SANDERSON, K., CORRY, J., ANDREWS, G., & LAPSLEY, H. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170300881x · Cited by 110 · cited 1×
“This is relevant to policy makers in terms of reducing population burden as current treatments are shown to be more cost-effective for mild and moderate cases than for severe cases (Issakidis et al. 2004).”
BackgroundPrevention of Anxiety Disorders
Lau, E. X., & Rapee, R. M. (2011) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0199-x · Cited by 55
Andrews, G., Titov, N., & Tolkein Team (2006) · Cited by 32
Schopflocher, D., & Tobias, M. I. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61384-7 · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Ayuso-Mateos, 2006, Global Burden of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Year 2000: Version 1 Estimates. GBD 2000 Working Paper
- Flaxman, 2013, An Integrative Metaregression Framework for Descriptive Epidemiology
- 1997, National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, 1997 (SMHWB)
- 2001–2002, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave 1 and Wave 2
- 2008, The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update
- 2009, United States Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) 2000–2009
- 2013, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
- 2000, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
- Andrews, 2007, Tolkien II: A Needs-based, Costed Stepped-care Model for Mental Health Services
- 1993, The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
(2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/127.1433-9285 · Cited by 1,330
Whiteford, H. A., Ferrari, A. J., Degenhardt, L., Feigin, V., & Vos, T. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116820 · Cited by 1,175
Self-citationHandbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.001.0001 · Cited by 1,160
Stein, D. J., Costa, D. L. C., Lochner, C., Miguel, E. C., Reddy, Y. C. J., Shavitt, R. G., van den Heuvel, O. A., & Simpson, H. B. (2019) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0102-3 · Cited by 895
Firth, J., Torous, J., Nicholas, J., Carney, R., Rosenbaum, S., & Sarris, J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.046 · Cited by 675
Metadata
- Authors
- Baxter, A. J., Vos, T., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., & Whiteford, H. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Baxter, A. J.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-01-22
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2363-2374
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2007965977
- Cited by
- 768
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 38.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, global burden of disease, disability-adjusted life years, years lived with disability, suicide mortality, prevalence, sex differences, age distribution, regional variation, low- and middle-income countries
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Global Health, Cost of Illness, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
