Cited by 293Psychedelics and Drug StudiesParanormal Experiences and BeliefsNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide LSD

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Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Bolstridge, M., Williams, T. M., Williams, L. T., Underwood, R., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J.·2016·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291715002901

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Abstract

Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent serotonergic hallucinogen or psychedelic that modulates consciousness in a marked and novel way. This study sought to examine the acute and mid-term psychological effects of LSD in a controlled study. Method: A total of 20 healthy volunteers participated in this within-subjects study. Participants received LSD (75 µ g, intravenously) on one occasion and placebo (saline, intravenously) on another, in a balanced order, with at least 2 weeks separating sessions. Acute subjective effects were measured using the Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire and the Psychotomimetic States Inventory (PSI). A measure of optimism (the Revised Life Orientation Test), the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, and the Peter's Delusions Inventory were issued at baseline and 2 weeks after each session. Results: LSD produced robust psychological effects; including heightened mood but also high scores on the PSI, an index of psychosis-like symptoms. Increased optimism and trait openness were observed 2 weeks after LSD (and not placebo) and there were no changes in delusional thinking. Conclusions: The present findings reinforce the view that psychedelics elicit psychosis-like symptoms acutely yet improve psychological wellbeing in the mid to long term. It is proposed that acute alterations in mood are secondary to a more fundamental modulation in the quality of cognition, and that increased cognitive flexibility subsequent to serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT 2A R) stimulation promotes emotional lability during intoxication and leaves a residue of ‘loosened cognition’ in the mid to long term that is conducive to improved psychological wellbeing.

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Authors: Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Bolstridge, M., Williams, T. M., Williams, L. T., Underwood, R., Feilding, A., & Nutt, D. J.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
King's College London (GB)
Beckley Foundation (GB)
Corresponding author: Carhart-Harris, R. L.
ORCID: Carhart-Harris, R. L.
Kaelen, M.
Underwood, R.
Feilding, A.
Nutt, D. J.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2016-02-05
Volume: 46
Issue: 7
Pages: 1379-1390
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002901
OpenAlex: W2266766602
Cited by: 293
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 13
FWCI: 40.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
National Institute for Health and Care Research
National Institutes of Health
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD, psychedelics, psychosis-like symptoms, mood improvement, optimism, delusions, 5-HT2A receptor, cognitive flexibility, altered states of consciousness, psychological well-being
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Hallucinogens, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Cross-Over Studies, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Young Adult

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The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide LSD

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