Self-harm and violent criminality linked with parental death during childhood
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Adverse health and social outcomes are known to occur more frequently following parental death during childhood, but evidence is lacking for comparing long-term risks of internalised v. externalised harm. METHODS: This national register-based cohort study consisted of Danish persons born 1970-2000. The Civil Registration System and National Causes of Death Register were linked to ascertain parental deaths by cause before cohort members' 15th birthdays. From age 15 years, hospital-treated self-harm episodes were ascertained through linkage to the National Patient Register and the Psychiatric Central Research Register, and violent crimes were identified via linkage to the National Crime Register. Hazard ratio and cumulative incidence values were estimated. RESULTS: Self-harm and violent criminality risks were elevated following parental death during childhood. Covariate adjustment for gender, birth year and first-degree relatives' mental illnesses attenuated these associations, although significantly heightened risks persisted. The estimated hazard ratios did not differ greatly according to which parent died, but losing both parents conferred particularly large risk increases. Risks for both adverse outcomes were higher in relation to unnatural v. natural parental death; violent criminality risk was especially raised among individuals exposed to parental death by unnatural causes other than suicide. The association was strongest when pre-school age children experienced parental death. CONCLUSIONS: Effective early intervention is needed to help youngsters who have experienced the death of one or both parents to develop immediate and sustained coping strategies. Enhanced cooperation between health and social services and criminal justice agencies may mitigate risks for these two destructive behaviours.
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Children losing one parent have increased risks of mental health problems, abuse, unstable housing, and household poverty.
“The definition includes children losing one parent because they have increased risks of mental health problems, abuse, unstable housing, and household poverty.7–9”
From COVID-19–Associated Orphanhood and Caregiver Death in the United States (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
The Introduction reports mental health problems after parental death and describes residential moves, changes in living arrangements, and reduced family income. These support much of the claim, but the paper does not establish an increased risk of abuse or specifically of household poverty; reduced income is not the same as poverty. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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COVID-19–Associated Orphanhood and Caregiver Death in the United States
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- Authors
- Carr, M. J., Mok, P. L. H., Antonsen, S., Pedersen, C. B., & Webb, R. T.
- Affiliations
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (GB)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Webb, R.T.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2019-06-03
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1224-1232
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC7253620
- OpenAlex
- W2948305334
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 4.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- parental death, grief in children, self-harm, unnatural causes of death, suicide, early intervention, long-term risk
- MeSH terms
- Criminal Behavior, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent, Adult, Bereavement, Child, Denmark, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Suicide, Violence, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Self-Injurious Behavior, Young Adult, Parental Death
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