Looking beyond depression: a meta-analysis of the effect of behavioral activation on depression, anxiety, and activation
Open accessAbstract
Background: Depression is a prevalent and impairing condition. Behavioral activation (BA) is a parsimonious, cost-effective, and easily disseminated psychological intervention for depression. The current meta-analysis expands on the existing literature supporting the efficacy of BA for depression by examining the effects of BA on additional relevant outcomes for patients with depression, namely the reduction in anxiety symptoms and increase in activation. Methods: Randomized controlled trials of BA for depression compared to active and inactive control were identified via a systematic review. Effect sizes using Hedges's g were calculated for each outcome compared to both active and inactive control using random effects models. Subgroup analyses were used to examine the inclusion of a discussion of values as a moderator of depression symptom outcome in BA. Results: Twenty-eight studies were included. Meta-analyses of symptom change between groups from baseline-to-post intervention indicated that BA outperformed inactive control conditions for improvements in depression (g = 0.83), anxiety (g = 0.37), and activation (g = 0.64). The difference between BA and active control conditions was not significant for improvements in depression (g = 0.15), anxiety (g = 0.03), and activation (g = 0.04). There was no evidence for a discussion of values augmenting BA efficacy. Study quality was generally low, and there was evidence of publication bias. Conclusions: In addition to improving depression, BA shows efficacy for reducing symptoms of anxiety and increasing activation. BA may not offer better outcomes relative to other active interventions. There is room for improvement in the quality of research in this area.
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Behavioral activation therapy has shown improvement in depressive and anxious symptomatology, an increase in activation and social connectedness, with positive outcomes maintained at 1-year follow-up.
“In addition, behavioral activation therapy (BAT) has shown improvement in depressive and anxious symptomatology, as well as an increase in activation [24] and social connectedness, with positive outcomes maintained at 1-year follow-up [25].”
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- Authors
- Stein, A. T., Carl, E., Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., & Smits, J. A. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stein, Aliza T.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2020-03-06
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1491-1504
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W3009307366
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- addendum (2020-03-06)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- behavioral activation, depression, anxiety symptoms, activation, psychological intervention, treatment efficacy, publication bias
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Qualitative Research
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