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Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion
Abstract
Extraversion has two central characteristics: (1) interpersonal engagement, which consists of affiliation (enjoying and valuing close interpersonal bonds, being warm and affectionate) and agency (being socially dominant, enjoying leadership roles, being assertive, being exhibitionistic, and having a sense of potency in accomplishing goals) and (2) impulsivity, which emerges from the interaction of extraversion and a second, independent trait (constraint). Agency is a more general motivational disposition that includes dominance, ambition, mastery, efficacy, and achievement. Positive affect (a combination of positive feelings and motivation) is closely associated with extraversion. Extraversion is accordingly based on positive incentive motivation. Parallels between extraversion (particularly its agency component) and a mammalian behavioral approach system based on positive incentive motivation implicate a neuroanatomical network and modulatory neurotransmitters in the processing of incentive motivation. A corticolimbic-striatal-thalamic network (1) integrates the salient incentive context in the medial orbital cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus; (2) encodes the intensity of incentive stimuli in a motive circuit composed of the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area dopamine projection system; and (3) creates an incentive motivational state that can be transmitted to the motor system. Individual differences in the functioning of this network arise from functional variation in the ventral tegmental area dopamine projections, which are directly involved in coding the intensity of incentive motivation. The animal evidence suggests that there are three neurodevelopmental sources of individual differences in dopamine: genetic, "experience-expectant," and "experience-dependent." Individual differences in dopamine promote variation in the heterosynaptic plasticity that enhances the connection between incentive context and incentive motivation and behavior. Our psychobiological threshold model explains the effects of individual differences in dopamine transmission on behavior, and their relation to personality traits is discussed.
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“The activation and sustainment of achievement motivation has been conceptualized to be accomplished by central representations of delayed rewards 20 .”
From Motivation Deficit in ADHD is Associated with Dysfunction of the Dopamine Reward Pathway (2011) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“dopamine plays a key role in individual differences on behaviour (Depue & Collins, 1999; Norbury & Husain, 2015; Smillie, 2013; Smillie & Wacker, 2014)”
From Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits (2023) · cites this paper as Depue & Collins, 1999
In the citing paper
“Numerous animal, human pharmacological, and molecular genetic studies indicate that dopamine (DA) modulates activity within this circuitry to promote IM (Depue & Collins, 1999; Koob & Volkow, 2010).”
From Incentive Motivation, Cognitive Control, and the Adolescent Brain: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift? (2012) · cites this paper as Depue & Collins, 1999
In the citing paper
“High-incentive states are characterized by positive attentional biases, approach-related motor behavior, and subjective states of anticipatory engagement, especially under novel conditions (Depue & Collins, 1999; Segerstrom, 2001; Vollstadt-Klein, Loeber, Richter, Kirsch, Bach et al., 2011).”
From Incentive Motivation, Cognitive Control, and the Adolescent Brain: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift? (2012) · cites this paper as Depue & Collins, 1999
In the citing paper
“IM is neurally mediated by circuitry that includes the midbrain tegmental region, the striatum, core limbic regions such as the extended amygdala, the anterior cingulate, and medial regions of the orbitofrontal cortex (Depue & Collins, 1999).”
From Incentive Motivation, Cognitive Control, and the Adolescent Brain: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift? (2012) · cites this paper as Depue & Collins, 1999
In the citing paper
“Despite an overall peak in DA signaling and general maturational processes that occur in adolescence, there is considerable individual variability both in DA signaling, as well as DA-influenced behaviors, likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors (Depue and Collins 1999; Frank and Hutchison 2009).”
From Developmental imaging genetics: Linking dopamine function to adolescent behavior (2014) · cites this paper as Depue and Collins 1999
In the citing paper
“Importantly, the ACC is rich in dopamine receptors and recognized as a core node within the incentive motivational system (Depue and Collins, 1999; Haber, 2003; Berridge, 2004), suggesting the possibility of a neurochemical basis for the aggregation of regions that showed stronger activation likelihoods in adolescents relative to adults.”
From Neural networks involved in adolescent reward processing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies (2015) · cites this paper as Depue and Collins, 1999
In the citing paper
“Relative to negative valence, positive valence yields more consistent processing in the PCC, accumbens, and lateral occipital cortex, suggesting a link between the limbic-motor interface that allows approach to incentive-based stimuli (Depue and Collins, 1999) and the facilitation of self-referential cognitive activity that is mediated by the PCC (Johnson et al., 2002; Kelley et al., 2002).”
From Neural networks involved in adolescent reward processing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies (2015) · cites this paper as Depue and Collins, 1999
In the citing paper
“Peaks in dopamine activity during adolescence and subsequent declines into adulthood may underlie adolescents’ sensitivity to positive reward contexts (Wahlstrom et al., 2010a) given that midbrain dopamine projections to the limbic, striatal and frontal regions facilitate incentive motivation (Depue and Collins, 1999; Björklund and Dunnett, 2007; Haber, 2003).”
From Neural networks involved in adolescent reward processing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies (2015) · cites this paper as Depue and Collins, 1999
In the citing paper
“For example, Agreeableness showed a small but statistically significant positive correlation with use of Sexual words (ρ = .08, p < .05), and Extraversion, a trait often associated with increased incentive facilitation and agentic behavior (Depue & Collins, 1999), correlated negatively with several categories reflecting goal orientation and work-related achievement (Occupation, Job/work, and”
From Personality in 100,000 Words: A large-scale analysis of personality and word use among bloggers (2010) · cites this paper as Depue & Collins, 1999
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Metadata
- Authors
- Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1999-06
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 491-517
- ISSN
- 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1825
- OpenAlex
- W2149886468
- Cited by
- 2,046
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 102 · 2012: 100
- FWCI
- 12.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r01mh048114-01a1, 5r01mh055347-06)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 17069, T32MH017069, MH48114, MH 55347)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- extraversion, dopamine, incentive motivation, positive affect, agency, interpersonal engagement, impulsivity, nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, ventral pallidum, heterosynaptic plasticity, individual differences, brain development, threshold model, personality traits
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dopamine, Extraversion, Psychological, Humans, Individuality, Models, Neurological, Motivation, Neural Pathways, Neurobiology, Personality, Reward
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