Cited by 581Child Abuse and TraumaChild Welfare and AdoptionChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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The importance of timing: The varying impact of childhood and adolescent maltreatment on multiple problem outcomes

THORNBERRY, TERENCE P., IRELAND, TIMOTHY O., SMITH, CAROLYN A.·2001·Development and Psychopathology

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Abstract

A substantial body of literature suggests that childhood maltreatment is related to negative outcomes during adolescence, including delinquency, drug use, teenage pregnancy, and school failure. There has been relatively little research examining the impact that variation in the developmental stage during which the maltreatment occurs has on these relationships, however. In this paper, we reassess the impact of maltreatment on a number of adverse outcomes when developmentally specific measures of maltreatment—maltreatment that occurs only in childhood, only in adolescence, or in both childhood and adolescence—are considered. Data are drawn from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a broad-based longitudinal study of adolescent development. The analysis examines how maltreatment affects delinquency, drug use, alcohol-related problems, depressive symptoms, teen pregnancy, school dropout, and internalizing and externalizing problems during adolescence. We also examine whether the type of maltreatment experienced at various developmental stages influences the outcomes. Overall, our results suggest that adolescent and persistent maltreatment have stronger and more consistent negative consequences during adolescence than does maltreatment experienced only in childhood.

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Does developmental timing of exposure to child maltreatment predict memory performance in adulthood? Results from a large, population-based sample
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Using latent class analysis to empirically classify maltreatment according to the developmental timing, duration, and co-occurrence of abuse types
Ziobrowski, H. N., Buka, S. L., Austin, S. B., Sullivan, A. J., Horton, N. J., Simone, M., & Field, A. E. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104574 · Cited by 47
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The Cycle of Violence: Examining the Impact of Maltreatment Early in Life on Adult Offending
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“Other research suggests an amplified risk for antisocial behavior generally (Thornberry, Freeman-Gallant, Lizotte, Krohn, & Smith, 2003) and drug and alcohol use (Smith & Thornberry, 1995; Thornberry et al., 2001; Widom & Maxfield, 2001).”
Background
Developmental transitions in presentations of externalizing problems among boys and girls at risk for child maltreatment
Villodas, M. T., Litrownik, A. J., Thompson, R., Jones, D. J., Roesch, S. C., Hussey, J. M., Block, S. D., English, D. J., & Dubowitz, H. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000728 · Cited by 51
“…later externalizing problems across boys and girls in a number of previous studies (e.g., Lansford et al., 2007; Manly et al., 2001), while others have suggested that recent physical abuse contributes equally or more strongly to these problems (e.g., Keiley et al., 2001; Thornberry et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Receptive Language and Educational Attainment for Sexually Abused Females
Noll, J. G., Shenk, C. E., Yeh, M. T., Ji, J., Putnam, F. W., & Trickett, P. K. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0496 · Cited by 49
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“In contrast, others (Thornberry et al., 2001) reported that adolescent maltreatment has stronger negative consequences during adolescence than does maltreatment restricted to childhood.”
Background
Moral Disengagement
Kiriakidis, S. P. (2007) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x07309063 · Cited by 47
“Rather, many factors are operating in adolescents’ and young adults’ offending behavior, consistent with the principle of equifinality (Thornberry et al., 2001).”
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Addressing Gender-Based Violence in the Latin American and Caribbean Region: A Critical Review of Interventions
Morrison, A., Ellsberg, M. C., & Bott, S. (2004) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-3438 · Cited by 47
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“This finding is consistent with research suggesting the importance of both early (e.g., Dodge et al., 2009) and recent (i.e., adolescent) exposure to maltreatment (e.g., Thornberry et al., 2001).”
What Contributes to Outcomes for Neglected Children Who Are Reunified with Their Parents? Findings from a Five-Year Follow-Up Study
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“Consistent with previous studies (Brezina, 1998; Eckenrode et al., 2001; Fagan, 2005; Ireland et al., 2002; Thornberry et al., 2001), adolescent maltreatment was reported to significantly increase the level of delinquency in both models.”
Result
Criminal Trajectories and Risk Factors in a Canadian Sample of Offenders
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“In a study on the effects of timing of maltreatment on various maladaptive outcomes, Thornberry et al. (2001) found that adolescent maltreatment, but not childhood maltreatment, was a significant predictor of adolescent delinquency.”
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Exploring the relationship between poverty, childhood adversity and child abuse from the perspective of adulthood
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Augustyn, M. B., Thornberry, T. P., & Henry, K. L. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001633 · Cited by 42
“, a greater number of substantiated incidents, and incidents are more likely to be related to physical and sexual abuse; Thornberry & Henry, 2013), or marked by maltreatment experiences that extend from childhood to adolescence, which are known to have stronger, more consistent negative consequences through the life c…”
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Types of adolescent exposure to violence as predictors of adult intimate partner violence
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Background

Authors: THORNBERRY, T. P., IRELAND, T. O., & SMITH, C. A.
Affiliations: University at Albany, State University of New York (US)
Niagara University (US)
Venue: Development and Psychopathology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
Pages: 957-979
ISSN: 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
1469-2198
DOI: 10.1017/s0954579401004114
OpenAlex: W2143902462
Cited by: 579
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 6.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 44 d)
Locations: Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p30hd032041-05)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA005512, 5 R01 DA05512-02)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30 HD32041)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: child abuse, adolescent maltreatment, developmental stages, delinquency, adolescent drug use, alcohol-related problems, depressive symptoms, adolescent pregnancy, school dropout, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, Rochester Youth Development Study
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Age Factors, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Child, Child Abuse, Child Behavior Disorders, Depression, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Juvenile Delinquency, Male, New York, Personality Development, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Adolescence, Risk Factors, Student Dropouts, Substance-Related Disorders

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The importance of timing: The varying impact of childhood and adolescent maltreatment on multiple problem outcomes

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