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The importance of timing: The varying impact of childhood and adolescent maltreatment on multiple problem outcomes
Abstract
A substantial body of literature suggests that childhood maltreatment is related to negative outcomes during adolescence, including delinquency, drug use, teenage pregnancy, and school failure. There has been relatively little research examining the impact that variation in the developmental stage during which the maltreatment occurs has on these relationships, however. In this paper, we reassess the impact of maltreatment on a number of adverse outcomes when developmentally specific measures of maltreatment—maltreatment that occurs only in childhood, only in adolescence, or in both childhood and adolescence—are considered. Data are drawn from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a broad-based longitudinal study of adolescent development. The analysis examines how maltreatment affects delinquency, drug use, alcohol-related problems, depressive symptoms, teen pregnancy, school dropout, and internalizing and externalizing problems during adolescence. We also examine whether the type of maltreatment experienced at various developmental stages influences the outcomes. Overall, our results suggest that adolescent and persistent maltreatment have stronger and more consistent negative consequences during adolescence than does maltreatment experienced only in childhood.
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“Neglect experienced during childhood has been associated with higher levels of conduct problem behavior (Thornberry et al, 2001).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Thornberry et al, 2001
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Kolivoski, K. M., Shook, J. J., Goodkind, S. A., & Kim, K. H. (2014) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/676520 · Cited by 42
“…potential importance of possible effects of childhood versus adolescent involvement in the child welfare system on a variety of adverse outcomes (Thornberry et al., 2001), we included a dichotomous measure of whether a family’s child welfare case was closed before the study youth was 13years…”
BackgroundGraham, J. C., English, D. J., Litrownik, A. J., Thompson, R., Briggs, E. C., & Bangdiwala, S. I. (2009) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9293-9 · Cited by 44
“…2001), internalizing behavioral problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, social withdrawal) (Éthier et al. 2004b; Hanson et al. 2001; Manly et al. 2001; Thornberry et al. 2001), poor academic performance (Eckenrode et al. 1993; Thornberry et al. 2001), social skills deficits (Rogosch and Cicchetti…”
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The different faces of impulsivity as links between childhood maltreatment and young adult crime
Shin, S. H., Cook, A. K., Morris, N. A., McDougle, R. D., & Groves, L. P. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.03.022 · Cited by 43
Defining and strengthening child well-being in child protection
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The Effect of Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse on Adolescent Weapon Carrying
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“In a study focused on the timing of maltreatment, Thornberry et al. (2001) found that maltreatment which occurred in late childhood and adolescence resulted in greater externalizing behaviors and delinquency as compared with maltreatment in early childhood.”
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Predictors of Early Childbirth Among Female Adolescents in Foster Care
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“The study on duration and recurrence of maltreatment by Thornberry, Ireland, and Smith (2001) reported maltreatment effects on such outcomes as delinquency, violence, depression, and promiscuity among youth who experienced persistent (childhood and adolescence) maltreatment as well those who…”
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“These later experiences also often serve as better predictors of adolescent and young adult outcomes than abuse measured during earlier childhood (Thornberry et al. 2001, 2010; Thornberry and Henry 2013), likely due to the more developmentally disruptive nature of more proximally occurring events…”
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The Effects of Exposure to Violence on Inmate Maladjustment
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“These findings are consistent with those derived from research on general population studies (e.g., Fagan, 2005; Moffitt, 1993; Thornberry et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultChildren Placed in Out-of-Home Care: Risk Factors for Involvement With the Juvenile Justice System
Yampolskaya, S., Armstrong, M. I., & McNeish, R. (2011) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.26.2.231 · Cited by 34
“Widom (1991) found that compared to youth placed solely in out-of-home care because of abuse or neglect, children who were placed in out-of-home care because of abuse or neglect in conjunction with delinquency were six times more likely to be delinquent, three times more likely to become an adult criminal, and seven t…”
MethodSilva, T. C., Larm, P., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., & Hodgins, S. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0281-x · Cited by 34
“In contrast, another study that also examined child protection cases in which both neglect and other forms of maltreatment had been substantiated found that neglect in adolescence, but not in childhood, was associated with subsequent delinquency [10].”
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Ronan, K. R., Canoy, D., & Burke, K. J. (2009) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060903148560 · Cited by 37
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Resilience among adult survivors of childhood neglect: a missing piece in the resilience literature
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“…example, maltreatment during adolescence is more strongly associated with problem behaviors, including internalizing and externalizing problems, delinquency, and drug use, than maltreatment experienced earlier in childhood (Ireland, Smith, & Thorn-berry, 2002; Thornberry, Ireland, & Smith, 2001).”
BackgroundFrom Child Maltreatment to Adolescent Substance Use: Different Pathways for Males and Females?
Benedini, K. M., & Fagan, A. A. (2018) · Feminist Criminology · doi:10.1177/1557085118810426 · Cited by 33
“We recommend that such research utilize prospective data and consider analyzing outcomes in early and late adolescence, given that some research has found differing effects in these different stages of development (Lansford et al., 2010; Thornberry et al., 2001).”
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“…towards children with a history of maltreatment who may be predisposed to substance abuse in adolescence is integral as it decreases the probability of these individuals from experiencing other detrimental risks such as delinquency, teen pregnancy and depressive symptoms (Thornberry et al. 2001).”
BackgroundLussier, P., Chouinard-Thivierge, S., McCuish, E., Nadeau, D., & Lacerte, D. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.017 · Cited by 40
Gang Membership and Pathways to Maladaptive Parenting
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Self-citationAdolescent exposure to violence and adult illicit drug use
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“Existing research has also tended to focus on relatively severe physical violence, such as violence causing injury or substantiated as abuse by protective services (e.g., Kaplan et al., 1998; Thornberry et al., 2001; Straus & Kantor, 1994).”
Hahn, H., Oransky, M., Epstein, C., Stover, C. S., & Marans, S. R. (2015) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-015-0059-7 · Cited by 34
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“Alternatively, Thornberry et al. (2001) hypothesised that the effects f childhood maltreatment may fade over time.”
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“…relative to isolated maltreatment events (Boxer & Sloan-Power, 2013; Jaffee & Kohn, 2011; Jonson-Reid, Kohl, & Drake, 2012; Manly et al., 2001; Thornberry et al., 2001), potentially because chronic exposure to violence and inappropriate parenting might disrupt a youth’s development of emotion…”
BackgroundInfant Birth Weight and Maltreatment of Adolescent Mothers
Cederbaum, J. A., Putnam‐Hornstein, E., King, B., Gilbert, K., & Needell, B. (2013) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.03.016 · Cited by 29
Sexual Exploitation of Very Young Hmong Girls
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“…in one of the few studies to compare childhood and adolescent exposure to violence with each other, Ireland, Smith, and Thornberry (2002) and Thornberry, Ireland, and Smith (2001), using data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, found that maltreatment and exposure to violence…”
BackgroundMethodMorrison, A., & Orlando, M. B. (2004) · Cited by 29
Bouvette–Turcot, A., Unternäehrer, E., Gaudreau, H., Lydon, J. E., Steiner, M. S., & Meaney, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.012 · Cited by 29
“Childhood maltreatment, for example, predicts a greater risk for depression and anxiety disorders [e.g., (Fergusson et al., 2008; Heim and Nemeroff, 2001; Lansford et al., 2002; Thornberry et al., 2001; Trickett et al., 2001; Widom et al., 2007)].”
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“Likewise, maltreatment experiences may have a different impact on developmental outcomes depending upon their timing across the life-course [5].”
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“Who maltreats? Distinct pathways of intergenerational (dis)continuity of child maltreatment”
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Using Cumulative Risk to Screen for Mental Health Problems in Child Welfare
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Complex adult sequelae of early life exposure to psychological trauma
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“Other studies have generated both theoretical and empirical evidence for greater effects of both early- and later-onset adversity (Dunn, Nishimi, et al., 2018; Keiley et al., 2001; Lansford et al., 2007; Schroeder et al., 2020; Thornberry et al., 2001; Yoon, 2020); however, few longitudinal studies have included adver…”
Sensitive Periods for the Effect of Child Maltreatment on Psychopathology Symptoms in Adolescence
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“Next, consistent with previous research on developmental timing of child maltreatment (Thornberry et al., 2001, Kaplow and Widom, 2007), we classified the developmental timing of CPA into three categories including PA (physical abuse) before adolescence (birth though 9), PA during adolescence (ages…”
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“…and outcome variables, some research on intergenerational continuity of antisocial behavior suggest that parenting behaviors, specifically maltreatment, is more problematic if it occurs in adolescence as opposed to childhood (Eckenrode et al., 2001; Ireland et al., 2005; Thornberry et al., 2001).”
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“This is especially important if the abuse trauma is recent since, as we (as well as Ireland et al., 2002 and Thornberry et al., 2001) found, the timing of the abuse is significant.”
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Sibling Hostility and Externalized Symptoms of Psychological Distress
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“Thornberry, Ireland, and Smith (2001) examined adolescents with documented cases of sexual abuse and found alcohol-related problems among the 14–16 year old but not the 16–18 year old adolescents who had been victimized.”
BackgroundKinder und Jugendliche mit Misshandlungserfahrungen: bekommen sie die Versorgung, die sie brauchen?
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Association Between Child Maltreatment and Substance Use Disorder Across Emerging Adulthood
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“Indeed, all types of maltreatment have been associated with adolescence substance use (Benedini & Fagan, 2020a; Hamburger et al., 2008; Harrison et al., 1997; Hussey et al., 2006; Lansford et al., 2010; Moran et al., 2004; Sartor et al., 2013; Thornberry et al., 2001; White & Widom, 2008).”
BackgroundChildhood Predictors of Adulthood Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptomatology
Krastins, A., Francis, A. J. P., Field, A. M., & Carr, S. N. (2014) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12048 · Cited by 21
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“This finding is consonant with prior studies that have also suggested that childhood victimization is primarily predictive of later aggression through the mediating pathway of revictimization (Stewart et al. 2008; Thornberry et al. 2001).”
Identifying underlying constructs of childhood adversity in a low-income population
Cohen‐Cline, H., Jones, K. G., Kulkarni-Rajasekhara, S., Polonsky, H. M., & Vartanian, K. B. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.02.005 · Cited by 20
The Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Adolescent Violent Victimization
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“Similarly, Thornberry et al. (2001) found that experiencing childhood-only maltreatment (but not maltreatment during adolescence) was unrelated to alcohol-related problems during early and late adolescence, whereas experiencing any adolescent maltreatment was significantly related to…”
BackgroundInfluentialTesting the Link Between Child Maltreatment and Family Violence Among Police Officers
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“…victims of harsh or physical discipline are at a greater odds for committing criminal acts and other deviant behaviors (Brezina, 1998; Haynie et al., 2009; Kakar, 1996; Smith & Thornberry, 1995; Thornberry et al., 2001; Widom, 1989; Widom & Maxfield, 2001; Zingraff, Leiter, Myers, & Johnsen, 1993).”
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“First, adolescents are more prone to engage in problematic behaviors in response to adverse experiences than younger children (Thornberry et al., 2001).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- THORNBERRY, T. P., IRELAND, T. O., & SMITH, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University at Albany, State University of New York (US)
- Niagara University (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 957-979
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2143902462
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 6.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p30hd032041-05)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA005512, 5 R01 DA05512-02)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30 HD32041)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- child abuse, adolescent maltreatment, developmental stages, delinquency, adolescent drug use, alcohol-related problems, depressive symptoms, adolescent pregnancy, school dropout, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, Rochester Youth Development Study
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Child, Child Abuse, Child Behavior Disorders, Depression, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Juvenile Delinquency, Male, New York, Personality Development, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Adolescence, Risk Factors, Student Dropouts, Substance-Related Disorders
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