The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 67 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Normalizing the development of cortisol regulation in maltreated infants through preventive interventions
Open accessAbstract
Longitudinal effects of child maltreatment on cortisol regulation in infants from age 1 to 3 years were investigated in the context of a randomized preventive intervention trial. Thirteen-month-old infants from maltreating families (N= 91) and their mothers were randomly assigned to one of three intervention conditions: child–parent psychotherapy, psychoeducational parenting intervention, and a control group involving standard community services (CS). A fourth group of infants from nonmaltreating families (N= 52) and their mothers comprised a nonmaltreated comparison (NC) group. The two active interventions were combined into one maltreated intervention (MI) group for statistical analyses. Saliva samples were obtained from children at 10:00 a.m. before beginning a laboratory observation session with their mothers when the children were 13 months of age (preintervention), 19 months (midintervention), 26 months (postintervention), and 38 months (1-year postintervention follow-up). At the initial assessment, no significant differences among groups in morning cortisol were observed. Latent growth curve analyses examined trajectories of cortisol regulation over time. Beginning at midintervention, divergence was found among the groups. Whereas the MI group remained indistinguishable from the NC group across time, the CS group progressively evinced lower levels of morning cortisol, statistically differing from the MI and NC groups. Results highlight the value of psychosocial interventions for early child maltreatment in normalizing biological regulatory processes.
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37 Not checked yet · 24 Own result · 18 Own interpretation · 10 Own method
In the paper
“Thus, in comparison to this distribution, the morning cortisol levels at 13 months in the current study are generally consistent with normative levels of morning cortisol observed in the Tollenaar et al. study.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tollenaar et al., 2010
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to the maltreated children participating in the foster care interventions described above, the maltreated children in our RCT all resided in their natural homes with their biological caregiver(s).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For infants in the maltreatment sample, 71.4% had directly experienced abuse and/or neglect during the first year of life.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“because the two groups did not differ in cortisol levels across time, as discussed below”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plainn = 56- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas the MI group remained indistinguishable from the NC group across time”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
plainn = 91- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the initial assessment, no significant differences among groups in morning cortisol were observed.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the subgroup of families with infants with individual level maltreatment (71.4%) versus the subgroup of families with infants where family level maltreatment only had occurred (28.6%), the rate of family level sexual or physical abuse among children in the family was high in both groups (89.2% and 84.6%, respectively), as was the rate of family level neglect (92.3% and 88.5%, respectively).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses first revealed that the unconditional linear growth curve model fit the data well, χ2 (15, N = 143) = 20.80, p = .14 (CFI = .96, RMSEA = .05).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Results
plainn = 143- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a preliminary examination of cortisol levels over time, we investigated whether the two active intervention groups, CPP and PPI, differed in morning cortisol levels at each of the four assessment periods. At each of these time points, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant, with p values ranging from .30 to .94.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a non-significant difference between the MI and NC groups in basal cortisol levels was uncovered at wave 2, and continued over the remaining two assessments (z’s = 0.51, 0.92, and 1.09, respectively).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the baseline assessments at age 13 months, mean values for morning cortisol were .313 μg/dl (SD = .235), with a median of .235, 5th percentile of .092, and 95th percentile of .834.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“significant differences between the MI group and the CS group on basal cortisol levels were also present at wave 2 and continued over each assessment (z’s = 2.83, 4.39 and 4.31, respectively).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses revealed significant differences in basal cortisol levels between the NC group and the CS group starting at wave 2 and continuing at each subsequent assessment point (z’s = 3.07, 4.50, and 4.40, respectively).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, extensive child maltreatment across family members had been documented in the families comprising the maltreatment sample.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, maltreated infants may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of stressful experiences during periods of rapid creation or modification of neuronal connections, such as those that take place during the course of the first years of life (Black, Jones, Nelson, & Greenough, 1998; Cicchetti, 2002; Stiles, 2008; Thompson & Nelson, 2001).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Black et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Stiles, 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research with rodents, non-human primates, and humans, has shown that parental caregiving mediates the regulation of the HPA axis (see, e.g., Francis, Diorio, Plotsky, & Meaney, 2002; Levine, 2005; Meaney & Szyf, 2005; Sanchez, 2006).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Francis et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Levine, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Meaney & Szyf, 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results highlight the value of psychosocial interventions for early child maltreatment in normalizing biological regulatory processes.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“During infancy and early childhood, the developing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is under powerful social regulation (Levine, 2005; Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levine, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The results of this psychosocial intervention demonstrate that improvements in caregiving following the experience of early adversity have the potential to reverse or prevent disturbances in the HPA system (Fisher et al., 2007).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fisher et al., 2007
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the human literature, evidence is beginning to accrue suggesting that efficacious interventions with children in foster care may modify not only maladaptive behavior, but also the neuroendocrine correlates of behavior (Dozier, Peloso, Lewis, Laurenceau, & Levine, 2008; Fisher, Gunnar, Dozier, Bruce, & Pears, 2006; Fisher, Stoolmiller, Gunnar, & Burraston, 2007).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dozier et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Fisher et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Fisher et al., 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The provision of sensitive, emotionally secure, and protective parenting is woefully lacking in the caregiving environments of maltreated infants (Cicchetti & Lynch, 1995; Cicchetti & Toth, 2005; Davies, Winter, & Cicchetti, 2006)”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Lynch, 1995
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Toth, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Davies et al., 2006
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, chronically low levels of basal cortisol also can eventuate in harmful effects on the brain, as well as on physical and mental health and behavior (Juster et al., 2009; Juster, Bizik, Picard, Arsenault-Lapierre, Sindi et al., 2012; Lupien, Ouellet-Morin, Hupbach, Tu, Buss et al., 2006).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Juster et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Juster et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Lupien et al., 2006
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adequate reliability has been obtained (weighted kappas ranging from .86 to .98).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Abusive or harsh treatment of monkey infants also interferes with the buffering function provided by the typical monkey mother (see, e.g., Levine, 2005; McCormack, Grand, LaPrairie, Fulks, Graff et al., 2003; Sanchez, McCormack, Grand, Fulks, Graff et al., 2010).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levine, 2005
- Not checked yetcites McCormack et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Sanchez et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is important to note that the dysregulation in HPA axis functioning commonly observed in maltreated infants and children, although often harmful in adulthood, initially may have served as an adaptive alteration (Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The normalization of morning cortisol over time in the MI group bears a striking similarity to the results obtained by Fisher et al. (2007) in their RCT with maltreated preschool children in foster care.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“Importantly, however, the results of our RCT with home reared maltreated infants are markedly similar to the results obtained by Fisher and colleagues (2007) with early morning cortisol in their RCT with maltreated preschoolers in foster care.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fisher et al. (2007)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, because maltreated infants in foster care were excluded, and because these infants are likely to have experienced more severe early maltreatment, our findings may not be generalizable to maltreated infants residing in foster care.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The achievement of normalized HPA functioning and the prevention of an extended process of allostatic load in the MI group also is likely to exert a positive influence on other aspects of stress neurobiology and related biological systems such as immune, metabolic, and cardiovascular functioning (Herman & Cullinan, 1997; Juster et al., 2009; Shonkoff, Boyce, & McEwen, 2009).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Herman & Cullinan, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Juster et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Shonkoff, Boyce, & McEwen, 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ability of psychosocial interventions to reorganize the functioning of the HPA axis provides further evidence that physiological processes are not immutable (Cicchetti, 2002; Cicchetti & Gunnar, 2008).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Gunnar, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The normalization of the HPA axis in these youngsters may aid in their ability to perceive threat accurately and to regulate their stress systems so as not to be overly sensitive to adverse experience (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2007).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings may be indicative of an ongoing process of higher allostatic load in the CS group of infants and toddlers.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in the MI group, evidence of progressive allostatic load effects was averted.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the effectiveness of our randomization of infants in the maltreatment sample to treatment condition was supported for initial values of cortisol”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Results
plainn = 143- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Compared to preschoolers receiving the regular foster care intervention, those randomized to a family-based therapeutic intervention displayed cortisol levels that became comparable to those exhibited by non-maltreated children.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fisher et al. (2007)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Our findings, in concert with those of Fisher and colleagues (2007), suggest that interventions designed to improve caregiving following experiences of early adversity can reverse or prevent disruptions in HPA functioning.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fisher et al. (2007)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, this HPA dysregulation may eventuate in life-long neurobiological problems in the absence of having a more developmentally appropriate and intensive intervention, such as that received by infants in the MI group, provided.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“At age 10-12 months, the median morning cortisol was .283 μg/dl, with a 5th percentile of .127 and 95th percentile of .851.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tollenaar et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the numerous negative physical and mental health sequelae associated with allostatic load, it is highly probable that the youngsters in the MI group will have a greater likelihood of improved functioning across varying domains of development.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The several year process of increasing HPA dysregulation is not likely to be the result of an acute reaction.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 28
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal education and number of children were not significantly correlated with cortisol levels at any of the periods of assessment, and thus, these variables were not considered further.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beginning at mid-intervention, divergence was found among the groups.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the groups differed on the number of children to whom the mothers had given birth, F (2,140) = 21.65, p < .001. Post hoc tests indicated that mothers in the NC group had fewer children than the mothers in the MI and CS groups.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plaincorrelationaln = 143- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For these infants with individual level maltreatment, none had been sexually abused, whereas 10.8% had been physically abused, 83.1% had been neglected, and 69.2% had been emotionally maltreated.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of these infants, 55.4%, had experienced more than one subtype of maltreatment.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the families in the sample are characterized by poverty, relatively large family size, and single parent mothers.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plainn = 143- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining subgroup of infants (28.6%) in the maltreatment sample were living in families where legally documented abuse and neglect had been experienced by siblings, i.e., at the family level only.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a difference among the groups emerged, χ2 (2, N = 143) = 6.30, p = .04. The MI and the CS groups had more mothers with less than a high school education than the NC group.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plaincorrelationaln = 143 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the CS group progressively evinced lower levels of morning cortisol, statistically differing from the MI and NC groups.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“pairwise parameter comparisons of the average slope values across the three groups also revealed that slopes for the MI and NC groups were significantly different from the CS group (z’s = 1.97 and 2.27, respectively), and were not statistically different from one another (z = 0.79).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“pairwise parameter comparisons among the different groups revealed no significant differences in intercept values (z’s ranged from 0.13 to 1.66) suggesting that across the three conditions, children evidenced similar basal cortisol levels at baseline assessments.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Results
hedgedn = 143- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Latent intercept values across the different groups were positive and significant (μαs range from .25 - .29; p < .05), suggesting that cortisol values differed from zero at baseline”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Results
hedgedn = 143 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The MI, CS, and NC groups were comparable on a range of demographic variables, as shown in Table 1. The groups did not differ on child gender, child minority race/ethnicity, or age at the initial assessment. Furthermore, the groups did not differ on maternal age, maternal minority race/ethnicity, current receipt of TANF, total family income, or marital status.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
plainn = 56- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Levels of cortisol, the final hormonal product of the neuroendocrine system, that are chronically elevated during development, when neural circuits are still in the process of maturing, exert an impact on brain development by affecting neurotropic factors and regulating gene transcription, thereby influencing the manner in which neural circuits perceive and interpret environmental threat and the”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Likewise, sensitive and emotionally secure parental caregiving also has been demonstrated to protect the HPA axis in human infants and young children, whereas the HPA axis of youngsters who do not receive responsive caregiving, such as those who are abused and neglected, is not safeguarded against stress (Brand, Brennan, Newport, Smith, Weiss, & Stowe, 2010; Bugental, Martorell, & Barraza, 2003;”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brand et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Bugental et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Hart et al., 1995
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At post-intervention, both CPP and PPI were found to be efficacious in improving secure attachments and in decreasing disorganized attachment (Cicchetti, Rogosch, & Toth, 2006).”
- Also stated in: § Preventive Interventions · plain
“Both the CPP and PPI interventions were found to be efficacious in fostering securing attachment in toddlers in maltreating families (Cicchetti et al., 2006).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Preventive Interventions · plain
In the paper
“Consequently, chronic stressors such as child maltreatment initially evoke hyperactivity of the HPA axis, followed by later hypoactivity (Trickett et al., 2010).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Trickett et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other investigators have demonstrated that the MCS is reliable and valid in classifying maltreatment (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; Dubowitz, Pitts, Litrownik, Cox, Runyan et al., 2005; English, Upadhyaya, Litrownik, Marshall, Runyan, et al., 2005; Manly, 2005; Smith & Thornberry, 1995).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Dubowitz, Pitts, Litrownik, Cox, Runyan et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites English, Upadhyaya, Litrownik, Marshall, Runyan, et al., 2005
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Both hyper- and hypo-cortisolism can reflect allostatic load, typically defined as the result of chronic exposure to fluctuating or heightened neural or neuroendocrine responses that emerge in response to chronic environmental challenges that are perceived as especially stressful (McEwen & Stellar, 1993).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen & Stellar, 1993
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen-month-old infants from maltreating families (N = 91) and their mothers were randomly assigned to one of three intervention conditions: 1. Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP); 2. Psychoeducational Parenting Intervention (PPI); and 3. a control group involving standard community services (CS).”
- Also stated in: § Participants · plain
“Following completion of baseline assessments, the mothers and infants recruited for the maltreatment sample were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP), Psychoeducational Parenting Intervention (PPI), and standard services typically provided in the community, Community Standard (CS).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
plainn = 91- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Participants · plain
In the paper
“Fisher and colleagues (2007) found that the foster children who received the family-based therapeutic intervention exhibited cortisol activity that became comparable to the nonmaltreated comparison children over the course of the intervention. In contrast, children who received routine services in state foster care (e.g., weekly individual psychotherapy; developmental screening for delays with the”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fisher et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Child maltreatment is characterized by severe dysfunction in parenting and a substantial disturbance in the parent-child relationship that may eventuate in aberrant biological and psychological development and psychopathology across the lifespan (Azar, 2002; Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006; Cyr, Euser, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2010; Rogosch, Cicchetti, Shields, & Toth, 1995; Toth, Cicc”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Azar, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Cyr et al., 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the CPP and PPI interventions were manualized, with central components and core principles of each approach specified. Therapists participated in individual and group supervision on a weekly basis, and checks on the fidelity of the intervention implementation for each approach were conducted throughout the course of intervention.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Preventive Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cortisol was assayed in duplicate by Salimetrics, Inc using an enzyme immunoassay (Salimetrics, State College, PA). This assay has a lower limit of sensitivity of 0.007 μg/dl (range up to 1.8 μg/dl), and average intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation less than 5.0% and 10.0%, respectively.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research on the impact of early caregiving adversity in humans has revealed that the HPA axis is highly likely to exhibit evidence of dysregulation and that this dysregulation may entail both hyper- and hypo-functioning (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001; Cicchetti, Rogosch, Gunnar, & Toth, 2010; Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001; Heim, Newport, Mletzko, Miller, & Nemeroff, 2008).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, the infants in the CS group are likely to have fewer self-righting capabilities and this bodes poorly for their ability to function in a resilient fashion (Cicchetti, 2010).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti, 2010
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, mothers in the intervention may have become better able to cope with the demands of rearing infants and toddlers. As a consequence, these mothers could have become more able to pay greater attention and become more responsive to infant/toddler needs.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, for infants in the MI group, cortisol levels were normalized (i.e., not different from the NC group) and remained so even at the one-year post-intervention follow-up period.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Non-maltreated comparison children provide a normative reference for typical cortisol regulation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it is conceivable that the efficacy of any preventive intervention ultimately depends on the ability of the nervous system, either at the cellular, metabolic, or anatomical level, to be modified by experience.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the consistency in the time of collection across the four assessment waves is remarkable.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we did not include other biomarkers of allostatic load assessed throughout the duration of the RCT.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interventions likely reduced the stress experienced in the child rearing environment.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, the infants in the community standard intervention group, who exhibited a steady decrease in morning cortisol levels over a two-year period, are at high-risk for developing future mental and physical health problems”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Danese, Caspi, Williams, Ambler, Sugden et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Danese, Moffitt, Pariante, Ambler, Poulton, & Caspi, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Danese, Pariante, Caspi, Taylor, & Poulton, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The identification of stress-sensitive neural processes may provide a firm empirical basis for the development of interventions to prevent and to ameliorate the deleterious effects of early maltreatment experiences.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the intervention received by the MI group served not only a protective function by preventing prolonged allostatic load, but also may have helped to avoid the longer-term physical and mental health problems typically accompanying hypocortisolism (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001; Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study has provided normative data on cortisol levels in 300 infants over the first year, with multiple assessments obtained at 11:00 a.m. at age 6 weeks, 5 months, and 10-12 months (Tollenaar, Jansen, Beijers, Risken-Walraven, & de Weerth, 2010).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tollenaar et al., 2010
plainn = 300- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As it is increasingly demonstrated that the nervous system can be modified by experience, then successful preventive interventions could be conceptualized as examples of experience-dependent neural plasticity (Cicchetti & Curtis, 2006).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Curtis, 2006
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, changes in parenting or mother-child relational processes may have promoted positive self-representations in the caregiver as well as positive representations of her infant/toddler, resulting in improved functioning of the child’s HPA axis through the concomitant reduction in relational stress.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results indicated that the treatment effect on basal cortisol was evident at the first assessment post-intervention and maintained throughout the course of the study.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Results
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, we were not able to delineate definitive mechanisms of change contributing to our differential patterns of cortisol regulation over time.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In this regard, the positive effects obtained in our RCT may be epigenetic in nature and illustrative of the processes by which a markedly altered environment (i.e., achieved through intervention) can influence methylation and modify gene expression (Meaney, 2010).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meaney, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, infants in the CS group are highly likely not to manifest improvement in their self-righting abilities, succumbing to allostatic load processes and exhibiting a sequential worsening of morning cortisol regulation over time (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A general decline in cortisol levels was observed across these longitudinal assessments.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tollenaar et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The growing body of research demonstrating that behavioral interventions may positively alter not only psychological processes, but also neurobiological functioning, possesses important implications for the social policy arena.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Infants in the MI group very likely develop enhanced self-righting capacities that may promote the development of resilient functioning (Cicchetti, 2010; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1997).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1997
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one cortisol sample was collected and assayed at each time period assessed.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such modifications are adaptive for the ongoing survival and optimal functioning of the organism (Cicchetti & Curtis, 2006; Huttenlocher, 2002; Stiles, 2008).”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“DHS and preventive records were thoroughly screened to rule out the existence of documented child maltreatment in these families. Mothers also were interviewed utilizing the Maternal Maltreatment Classification Interview (Cicchetti, Toth, & Manly, 2003) regarding maltreatment and any DHS involvement to further validate nonmaltreatment status.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti, Toth, & Manly, 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because resources may be more readily expended for the prevention of negative physical rather than mental health consequences, findings such as those reported herein may ultimately increase the availability of resources that can be directed toward the prevention of child abuse and neglect and toward the extensive treatment needs of these vulnerable children.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychosocial interventions can avert decline in normative neuroendocrine regulation, normalizing HPA functioning in high-risk infants receiving RCT preventive interventions.”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Difficulties in the parent-infant relationship among maltreating mothers are not solely due to deficits in parenting knowledge and skill.
“A guiding assumption of CPP is that difficulties in the parent-infant relationship do not result from deficits in parenting knowledge and skill alone.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Maltreating mothers' problems in relating sensitively and responsively to their infants stem from insecure internal representational models that evolved from their own childhood experiences.
“Rather, the problems that maltreating mothers have in relating sensitively and responsively to their infants stem from insecure internal representational models that evolved in response to the mother's own experiences in childhood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Non-maltreated comparison children provide a normative reference for typical cortisol regulation.
“Finally, for infants in the MI group, cortisol levels were normalized (i.e., not different from the NC group) and remained so even at the one-year post-intervention follow-up period.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A single morning cortisol sample per assessment wave adequately reflects basal HPA axis functioning.
“Only one cortisol sample was collected and assayed at each time period assessed. Nonetheless, the consistency in the time of collection across the four assessment waves is remarkable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Randomization balanced unmeasured confounders between treatment groups.
“Thus, the effectiveness of our randomization of infants in the maltreatment sample to treatment condition was supported for initial values of cortisol”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Several relational interventions for maltreated children have promoted more normative child cortisol regulation (Bernard et al., 2015; Cicchetti et al., 2011).”
From Relational Interventions for Maltreated Children (2017) · cites this paper as Cicchetti et al., 2011
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(2) = 6.3reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .043
“χ2 (2, N = 143) = 6.30, p = .04”
- ConsistentF(2, 140) = 21.65reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F (2,140) = 21.65, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(15) = 20.8reported p = .14 · recomputed p = .143
“χ2 (15, N = 143) = 20.80, p = .14”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Results
“Latent intercept values across the different groups were positive and significant (μαs range from .25 - .29; p < .05), suggesting that cortisol values differed from zero at baseline”
§ Normalizing the Development of Cortisol Regulation in Maltreated Infants Through Preventive Interventions > Method > Measures
“As cortisol values were positively skewed and leptokurtotic, logarithmic transformations (log10) of cortisol values were used for all statistical analyses.”
Citations
Cites
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943
Review of Child Development Research
Walters, J., Hoffman, M. L., & Hoffman, L. W. (1965) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/349834 · Cited by 3,658
Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition
Juster, R.-P., McEwen, B. S., & Lupien, S. J. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002 · Cited by 2,565
Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., & McEwen, B. S. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.754 · Cited by 2,326
Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis
Herman, J. P., & Cullinan, W. E. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)10069-2 · Cited by 2,270
Review of Child Development Research
Jaeger, D. (1976) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/56.11.1307b · Cited by 2,141
The neurobiology of stress and development.
Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605 · Cited by 2,011 · cited 1×
“Investigations with rodents, nonhuman primates, and human children have discovered that early separations from caregivers may lead to alterations in the functioning of the HPA system (Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007; Sanchez, Ladd, & Plotsky, 2001).”
BackgroundMasten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000222 · Cited by 1,800
Self-citationThe link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans
Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Mletzko, T., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008 · Cited by 1,704
Fraiberg, S., Adelson, E., & Shapiro, V. (1975) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61442-4 · Cited by 1,574
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Cicchetti, 1995, Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation, 2, 32
- Cicchetti, 2002, Minnesota symposia on child psychology: Vol. 32. Child psychology in retrospect and prospect, 23
- Rogosch, 1995, Handbook of parenting, 4, 127
- McCormack, 2003, Behavioral and neuroendocrine outcomes of infant maltreatment in rhesus monkeys: The first four months, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 641, 14
- Egeland, 1976, Seminaire de recherche Nathalie Masse: Les enfants victimes de mauvais traitments, 28
- Lupien, 2006, Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Developmental neuroscience, 578
- Barnett, 1993, Child abuse, child development, and social policy, 7
- Cicchetti, 2006, Developmental psychopathology, 3, 129
- Cicchetti, 2003, Maternal Maltreatment Interview
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cicchetti, D. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02608.x · Cited by 653
Self-citationKoss, K. J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12784 · Cited by 489
Resilience in Development: Progress and Transformation
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2016) · Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406 · Cited by 416
Self-citationShonkoff, J. P., & Fisher, P. A. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000813 · Cited by 362
McCrory, E. J., & Viding, E. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000115 · Cited by 295
Metadata
- Authors
- Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Toth, S. L., & Sturge-Apple, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cicchetti, Dante
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011-07-15
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 789-800
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC4191893
- OpenAlex
- W2150501804
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 14.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH54643, R01MH054643)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- child abuse, cortisol regulation, early childhood, preventive interventions, child-parent psychotherapy, community service, morning cortisol, salivary cortisol, psychosocial interventions
- MeSH terms
- Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Family Therapy, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Infant, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Saliva, Parenting, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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