Cited by 119Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesTreatment of Major DepressionBipolar Disorder and Treatment

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Defining anxious depression: a review of the literature

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Ionescu, Dawn F., Niciu, Mark J., Henter, Ioline D., Zarate, Carlos A.·2013·CNS Spectrums

DOI 10.1017/s1092852913000114PMC PMC3773528

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Abstract

The diagnosis of anxious depression is presently inconsistent. The many different definitions of anxious depression have complicated its diagnosis, leading to clinical confusion and inconsistencies in the literature. This article reviewed the extant literature in order to identify the varying definitions of anxious depression, which were then compared using Feighner's diagnostic criteria. Notably, these suggest a different clinical picture of patients with anxious depression. For instance, relying on The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnoses yields a clinical picture of a comparatively mild or transient disorder; in contrast, using dimensional criteria such as DSM criteria combined with additional rating scales—most commonly the anxiety somatization factor score from the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)—yields a more serious clinical picture. The evidence reviewed here suggests that defining anxious depression in a dimensional manner may be the most useful and clinically relevant way of differentiating it from other types of mood and anxiety disorders, and of highlighting the most clinically significant differences between patients with anxious depression versus depression or anxiety alone.

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Authors: Ionescu, D. F., Niciu, M. J., Henter, I. D., & Zarate, C. A.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Ionescu, Dawn F.
ORCID: Niciu, Mark J.
Henter, Ioline D.
Zarate, Carlos A.
Venue: CNS Spectrums
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2013-03-14
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 252-260
ISSN: 1092-8529 (ISSN-L)
2165-6509
DOI: 10.1017/s1092852913000114
PMC: PMC3773528
OpenAlex: W2143273593
Cited by: 119
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 1.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: CNS Spectrums (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (Z99 MH999999)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Keywords: anxious depression, diagnostic criteria, dimensional assessment, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, ICD, DSM, mood disorders, anxiety disorders
MeSH terms: Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Humans, International Classification of Diseases, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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