The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Subjective Cognitive Complaints Contribute to Misdiagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Open accessAbstract
Subjective cognitive complaints are a criterion for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), despite their uncertain relationship to objective memory performance in MCI. We aimed to examine self-reported cognitive complaints in subgroups of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) MCI cohort to determine whether they are a valuable inclusion in the diagnosis of MCI or, alternatively, if they contribute to misdiagnosis. Subgroups of MCI were derived using cluster analysis of baseline neuropsychological test data from 448 ADNI MCI participants. Cognitive complaints were assessed via the Everyday Cognition (ECog) questionnaire, and discrepancy scores were calculated between self- and informant-report. Cluster analysis revealed Amnestic and Mixed cognitive phenotypes as well as a third Cluster-Derived Normal subgroup (41.3%), whose neuropsychological and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarker profiles did not differ from a “robust” normal control group. This cognitively intact phenotype of MCI participants overestimated their cognitive problems relative to their informant, whereas Amnestic MCI participants with objective memory impairment underestimated their cognitive problems. Underestimation of cognitive problems was associated with positive CSF AD biomarkers and progression to dementia. Overall, there was no relationship between self-reported cognitive complaints and objective cognitive functioning, but significant correlations were observed with depressive symptoms. The inclusion of self-reported complaints in MCI diagnostic criteria may cloud rather than clarify diagnosis and result in high rates of misclassification of MCI. Discrepancies between self- and informant-report demonstrate that overestimation of cognitive problems is characteristic of normal aging while underestimation may reflect greater risk for cognitive decline. (JINS, 2014,20, 1–12)
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We chose to include MCI subjects in addition to healthy controls since the cognitive impairment did not necessarily have to be caused by an underlying AD process and because about a third of MCI subjects have shown to be incorrectly diagnosed with cognitive impairment43–45.”
From Earliest accumulation of β-amyloid occurs within the default-mode network and concurrently affects brain connectivity (2017) · cites this paper as [45]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., Klunk, W. E., Koroshetz, W. J., Manly, J. J., Mayeux, R., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005 · Cited by 18,657
Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., Gamst, A., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 · Cited by 10,152 · cited 1×
“There is also variability in the source of the subjective complaint or concern, as it can be obtained from either the patient, an informant, or a skilled clinician (Albert et al., 2011; Petersen et al., 2010).”
The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules
Morris, J. C. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.11.2412-a · Cited by 9,882
Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity
Petersen, R. C. (2004) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x · Cited by 7,864
Sperling, R. A., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Bennett, D. A., Craft, S., Fagan, A. M., Iwatsubo, T., Jack, C. R., Kaye, J., Montine, T. J., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003 · Cited by 7,155
Winblad, B., Palmer, K., Kivipelto, M., Jelic, V., Fratiglioni, L., Wahlund, L. ‐., Nordberg, A., Bäckman, L., Albert, M., Almkvist, O., et al. (2004) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01380.x · Cited by 4,946
Albert, M., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D. W., Dubois, B., Feldman, H., Fox, N. C., Gamst, A. C., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2013) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.11.1.96 · Cited by 2,643
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
Petersen, R. C., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Donohue, M. C., Gamst, A. C., Harvey, D. J., Jack, C. R., Jagust, W. J., Shaw, L. M., Toga, A. W., et al. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181cb3e25 · Cited by 2,572 · cited 3×
“diagnosed with MCI based on conventional diagnostic criteria adapted for ADNI (Petersen &Morris, 2005; Petersen et al., 2010).”
Peter, H., Penzel, T., Peter, J. H., & Peter, J. G. (2025) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65186-5_302294 · Cited by 2,278
Reynolds, C. R., & Powel, J. (1988) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/3.4.397 · Cited by 2,123
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.295 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–249 of 249
Patten, R. V., Nguyen, T. T., Mahmood, Z., Lee, E., Daly, R. E., Palmer, B. W., Wu, T., Tu, X. M., Jeste, D. V., & Twamley, E. W. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.029553 · Cited by 2
Asp, I., Cawley-Bennett, A. T. J., Frascino, J. C., Golshan, S., Bondi, M. W., & Smith, C. N. (2024) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108887 · Cited by 3
Self-citationChoi, S., Mukherjee, S., Gibbons, L. E., Trittschuh, E. H., Lee, M. K., Scollard, P., Sanders, R. E., Snitz, B. E., Shaaban, C. E., López, O. L., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70694 · Cited by 1
Factors associated with subjective cognitive complaints in former American football players
Adler, J. S., Ly, M. T., Yhang, E., Tripodis, Y., Adler, C. H., Balcer, L. J., Bernick, C. B., Ashton, N. J., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., et al. (2026) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617726101866 · Cited by 1
Self-citationThe long-term memory sign: A clinical marker of functional cognitive disorders
Tyson, B. T., Randolph, L., Bayrhammer-Savel, M., Al-Khafaji, A., & Erdődi, L. A. (2026) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2026.2658676 · Cited by 1
Manippa, V., Vilella, D., Scaramuzzi, G. F., Volpe, G., Scianatico, G., Valguarnera, A., Leopizzi, M., Urso, D., Zecca, C., Nitsche, M. A., et al. (2026) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2026.2112321 · Cited by 1
Szepietowska, E. M., & Kuzaka, A. (2019) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2018.81689 · Cited by 1
Subjective Cognitive Complaints in Distant Phase After Stroke – Preliminary Study
Szepietowska, E. M. (2018) · KnE Life Sciences · doi:10.18502/kls.v4i8.3341 · Cited by 1
Guty, E. T., & Horner, M. D. (2022) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2022.2137026 · Cited by 1
Guareña, L. A., Paredes, A. M., Tarraf, W., Kuwayama, S., Gonzalez‐Prado, R., Zlatar, Z. Z., Stickel, A. M., Perreira, K. M., Wassertheil-Smoller, S. W., Zeng, D., et al. (2025) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.inpsyc.2025.100135 · Cited by 1
El Test Your Memory es sensible al cambio cognitivo pero carece de validez prospectiva
Ferrero-Arias, J., & Turrión-Rojo, M. Á. (2015) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2015.07.002 · Cited by 1
Test Your Memory is sensitive to cognitive change but lacks prospective validity
Ferrero-Arias, J., & Turrión-Rojo, M. Á. (2016) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2015.07.004 · Cited by 1
Correlation between Subjective and Objective Cognitive-Linguistic Tests in Older Adults
Lee, M.-S. (2016) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2016.17.5.548 · Cited by 1
Family Care Partners of Chronically Ill Older Adults: The Role of Uncertainty in Illness
Pine, J. (2018) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis) · Cited by 1
Decline in Everyday Functioning in MCI and Dementia
Mis, R. E., & Giovannetti, T. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190634230.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of subjective memory abilities in elderly people
Trojano, L., Santangelo, G., & Raimo, S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818000-6.00026-3 · Cited by 1
Clinical and Pathological Progression of Awareness Trajectories in Preclinical Alzheimer’s DiseasePreprint
López‐Martos, D., Sánchez‐Benavides, G., Grau‐Rivera, O., Amariglio, R. E., Dubbelman, M. A., Gatchel, J. R., Marshall, G. A., Diez, I. P., Vannini, P., & study, T. A. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.16.26346402 · Cited by 1
Molden, J. (2017) · Digital Collections of Colorado (Colorado State University)
Sarcopenia and Cognitive Impairment
Chen, L. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119597896.ch13
(2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804538-1.00036-5
Neuropsychological evaluation of cognition
Tuokko, H. A., & Smart, C. M. (2017) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0124
Bott, N. T., Hantke, N. C., & Samarina, V. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_356-1 · Cited by 1
Santos, M. T., & Shi, D. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4ru9h
Bott, N. T., Hantke, N. C., & Samarina, V. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-082-7_356
Ho, J. K., & Nation, D. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.838459
Stoica, T., Andrews, E. S., Deffner, A. M., Griffith, C. X., Grilli, M. D., & Andrews‐Hanna, J. R. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gc785
Rodriguez, K., Schade, R. N., Lopez, F. V., Kenney, L. E., Ratajska, A. M., Gertler, J., & Bowers, D. (2023) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617723000620
Сочетание нейродегенеративных и сосудистых механизмов в патогенезе деменций позднего возраста
Пономарева, Е. В., Телешова, Е. С., & Сюняков, Т. С. (2017) · Psikhiatriya · doi:10.30629/2618-6667-2017-76-97-107
The heritability of subjective cognitive complaints in older Australian twins
Selwood, A., Catts, V. S., Numbers, K. T., Lee, T., Thalamuthu, A., Wright, M. J., & Sachdev, P. S. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.074561
Negative Framing of COVID-19 Information Affects Older Adults’ Memory Function
Pham, J. Q., Shumaker, M. D., & Bowen, H. J. (2025) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648251317758
Hemminghyth, M. S., Breitve, M. H., Chwiszczuk, L. J., Gísladóttir, B., Hessen, E., Siafarikas, N., Skogseth, R. E., Grøntvedt, G. R., Karlsen, H., Rongve, A., et al. (2025) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2025.2518576
Subjective appraisal of cognition among American racial groups
Dixon, B. J., Moll, A. C., & Woodard, J. L. (2025) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2025.2539173
Multimodal biomarker characterization of amnestic objective subtle cognitive declinePreprint
López‐Martos, D., Cacciaglia, R., Suárez‐Calvet, M., Salvadó, G., Shekari, M., González‐Escalante, A., Milà‐Alomà, M., Brugulat‐Serrat, A., Minguillón, C., Tonietto, M., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.25338711
Krakovska, S., Brandoburová, P., Januška, J., Heretik, A., & Hajdúk, M. (2026) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887261418713
Performance-Based Functional Status Predicts Diffuse Cortical Atrophy in Alzheimer’s Disease
Kochhann, R., da Silva, P. F., van Duinkerken, E., Holz, M. R., Chaves, M. L. F., Borelli, W. V., & Fonseca, R. P. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16030295
Tomadesso, C. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7fad6418zff81z49c7z984dz63aa2e44d7fc
Measuring Cognition in the Diagnosis of Dementias
Hayden, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-21818-6_2
Lebedeva, S. O., & Morozova, I. S. (2026) · Experimental Psychology (Russia) · doi:10.17759/exppsy.2026190106
Moore, L., Lund, A. E., & Russell, C. (2026) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-026-04884-8
Divers, R. M., Runk, A., Calamia, M. R., Breaux, E., Rasmussen, L., & Carmichael, O. (2026) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2026.2672679
López‐Martos, D., Suárez‐Calvet, M., Salvadó, G., Cacciaglia, R., Shekari, M., González‐Escalante, A., Horta‐Barba, A., Palma‐Gudiel, H., Milà‐Alomà, M., Brugulat‐Serrat, A., et al. (2026) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2026.06.006
Matchanova, A., Ly, M. T., Frank, C., Zaratan, A., Bangen, K. J., Bondi, M. W., & Delano‐Wood, L. (2026) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617726102057 · Cited by 1
Self-citationWeitzner, D. S., Boscarino, J. J., Vanderbleek, E. N., Babicz, M. A., Seidl, J. N. T., Hurin, G., & Kamper, J. E. (2026) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2026.2695321
Kandilakis, C. L., Skondra, M., Papageorgiou, G., Konidari, E., Papalexiou, V., Papadopoulos, L., Charalampopoulou, Μ., Georgiou, E.-Z., Marouli, I., Malagkoniari, L.-M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261490548
Pinheiro, C. N., Song, X., Brock, K. E., Harp, J. P., & Karr, J. E. (2026) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2026.2743151
Metadata
- Authors
- Edmonds, E. C., Delano-Wood, L., Galasko, D. R., Salmon, D. P., & Bondi, M. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bondi, Mark W.
- Venue
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-08-22
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 836-847
- ISSN
- 1355-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7661
- PMC
- PMC4172502
- OpenAlex
- W2077841286
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 13.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (U01 AG024904, AG024904)
- Alzheimer's Association (U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
- Bristol-Myers Squibb (U01 AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
- Eli Lilly and Company (U01 AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
- Pfizer (AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904)
- Biogen (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904, AG024904)
- University of Southern California (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904)
- CHDI Foundation
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche (W81XWH-12-2-0012, AG024904, U01 AG024904)
- Medpace (U01 AG024904)
- Meso Scale Diagnostics (U01 AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
- Synarc (U01 AG024904)
- Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (W81XWH-12-2–0012, U01AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-)
- BioClinica (U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, AG024904)
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904, AG024904)
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education (U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
- Eisai (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904, AG024904)
- Servier (AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904)
- IXICO (AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904)
- National Institutes of Health (5u01ag024904-10, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01-AG024904, AG024904, AG05131)
- Genentech (W81XWH-12-2-0012, AG024904, U01 AG024904)
- University of California, San Diego
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
- National Institute on Aging (U01-AG-024904, P50AG005131, R01AG012674, P30AG013846, U19AG010483, K24AG026431, U19AG024904, U24AG021886, P50-AG05131)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH018399)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (P41EB015922)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- subjective cognitive complaints, mild cognitive impairment, misdiagnosis, self-report versus informant report, amnestic MCI, cognitive decline, depressive symptoms, normal aging, dementia progression, ADNI
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Diagnostic Errors, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Peptide Fragments, Surveys and Questionnaires, Discriminant Analysis, Amyloid beta-Peptides, tau Proteins, Self Report, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
