Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease
Open accessAbstract
The pathophysiological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to begin many years before the diagnosis of AD dementia. This long “preclinical” phase of AD would provide a critical opportunity for therapeutic intervention; however, we need to further elucidate the link between the pathological cascade of AD and the emergence of clinical symptoms. The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association convened an international workgroup to review the biomarker, epidemiological, and neuropsychological evidence, and to develop recommendations to determine the factors which best predict the risk of progression from “normal” cognition to mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia. We propose a conceptual framework and operational research criteria, based on the prevailing scientific evidence to date, to test and refine these models with longitudinal clinical research studies. These recommendations are solely intended for research purposes and do not have any clinical implications at this time. It is hoped that these recommendations will provide a common rubric to advance the study of preclinical AD, and ultimately, aid the field in moving toward earlier intervention at a stage of AD when some disease‐modifying therapies may be most efficacious.
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The susceptibility of the conventional criteria for MCI to diagnostic error is likely to be amplified if used to characterize and stage preclinical AD.
“The susceptibility of the conventional criteria for MCI to diagnostic error is likely to be amplified if used to characterize and stage preclinical AD—a pre-MCI categorization based on subtle cognitive decline [8].”
From Neuropsychological Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment Improves Diagnostic Precision, Biomarker Associations, and Progression Rates (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
Section 3 describes people with very subtle decline who do not yet meet MCI criteria as part of preclinical AD. Section 9.3 adds that they may still score within the normal range on standard cognitive measures. These passages support the pre-MCI characterization, but do not say that conventional MCI criteria are susceptible to diagnostic error or that such error would be amplified when staging preclinical AD. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPiB and Florbetapir (AV45) amyloid tracers have shown greater cortical uptake in patients diagnosed with AD compared with control participants.
“In PET imaging, PIB and Florbetapir (AV45) amyloid tracers have shown greater cortical uptake in patients diagnosed with AD compared with control participants 11,57 .”
From OASIS-3: Longitudinal Neuroimaging, Clinical, and Cognitive Dataset for Normal Aging and Alzheimer Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
Section 5 describes increased PET amyloid-tracer retention as a biomarker of Alzheimer’s pathology, and the References name PiB imaging studies. However, the paper does not report that both PiB and Florbetapir (AV45) show greater cortical uptake in diagnosed AD patients than in controls; Florbetapir is not identified in the retrieved passages. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTreatment will need to begin during the preclinical phase to prevent or limit plaque accumulation to be beneficial in reducing the risk of developing AD.
“Several anti-Aβ therapeutic strategies are being pursued to treat AD; however, it is likely that treatment will need to begin during the preclinical phase to prevent or limit plaque accumulation to be beneficial in reducing the risk of developing AD (51, 52).”
From Serotonin signaling is associated with lower amyloid-β levels and plaques in transgenic mice and humans (2011) · cites this paper as [52]
The Introduction proposes preclinical treatment to lower Aβ burden and prevent later cognitive decline, and section 10 says amyloid-modifying drugs may be effective before symptoms begin (page numbers unavailable). But the paper presents this as a possibility to be tested, not an established likelihood that treatment must begin before plaque accumulates to reduce AD risk. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNew clinical diagnostic consensus criteria have now been finalized under the auspices of the NIA and Alzheimer's Association, with novel features including recognition of a preclinical stage of AD and the incorporation of imaging and laboratory-based cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers.
“New clinical diagnostic consensus criteria have now been finalized under the auspices of the NIA and Alzheimer's Association (52), with novel features including recognition of a preclinical stage of AD and the incorporation of imaging and laboratory-based cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers.”
From Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer Disease Centers, 2005–2010 (2012) · cites this paper as [52]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAD begins several decades before the clinical onset of dementia with progressive amyloid accumulation preceding significant tau pathology and neurodegeneration.
“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) begins several decades before the clinical onset of dementia with progressive amyloid accumulation preceding significant tau pathology and neurodegeneration.10,11”
From Machine learning reveals prominent spontaneous behavioral changes and treatment efficacy in humanized and transgenic Alzheimer's disease models (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says the AD process begins “years, if not decades” before clinical dementia, not that it consistently begins several decades earlier. Sections 2 and 4 describe amyloid accumulation as a hypothesized early event and tau pathology and neurodegeneration as downstream changes, but present that sequence as a proposed model rather than an established fact. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
There is evidence that the pathophysiology of AD likely begins many years before the emergence of clinical symptoms or a syndrome such as MCI or dementia.
“Because there is evidence that the pathophysiology of AD likely begins many years before the emergence of clinical symptoms or a syndrome such as MCI or dementia”
From The Need to Separate Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology from Clinical Features (2017) · cites this paper as [102]
After decades of research, both the etiology and the pathophysiologic sequence of AD remain uncertain.
“Nevertheless, after decades of research, both the etiology and the pathophysiologic sequence of AD remain uncertain [102]”
From The Need to Separate Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology from Clinical Features (2017) · cites this paper as [102]
The 2011 NIA-AA preclinical AD recommendations were based on the concept that AD, identified by biomarkers, can exist in the absence of symptoms.
“This unifying research framework is a natural descendant of the 2011 NIA-AA preclinical AD recommendations that were based on the concept that AD, identified by biomarkers, can exist in the absence of symptoms [4].”
From NIA‐AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
AD neuropathologic change can predate onset of symptoms by years.
“Clinico-pathologic correlations for individuals without cognitive impairment should indicate that it is possible for AD neuropathologic change to predate onset of symptoms by years [54].”
From National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
AD neuropathologic changes may occur in the apparent absence of cognitive impairment.
“recognition that AD neuropathologic changes may occur in the apparent absence of cognitive impairment”
From National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
MRI and PET have high cost and insufficient accessibility as major limitations.
“But their high cost and insufficient accessibility are being major limitations [12].”
From Integrated analysis of ultra-deep proteomes in cortex, cerebrospinal fluid and serum reveals a mitochondrial signature in Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
The Caveats section discusses biological and diagnostic limitations of PET and MRI biomarkers, while §10, “Need for additional study,” discusses standardizing their techniques and thresholds. Neither addresses the cost or accessibility of MRI and PET; searches for those limitations found no supporting passage. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIndividuals can remain cognitively normal for many years despite accumulating Aβ plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles.
“individuals remain cognitively normal for many years despite accumulating aggregates of Aβ plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles (Sperling et al., 2011).”
From A Multi-network Approach Identifies Protein-Specific Co-expression in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Alzheimer’s Disease (2017) · cites this paper as Sperling et al., 2011
Neuropathological changes of AD begin two decades or more before signs of cognitive impairment.
“The neuropathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) begin two decades or more before signs of cognitive impairment (Sperling et al., 2011).”
From A Multi-network Approach Identifies Protein-Specific Co-expression in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Alzheimer’s Disease (2017) · cites this paper as Sperling et al., 2011
The study used old criteria for the preclinical Alzheimer's disease definition, while recent research criteria also require tau positivity.
“Additionally, we used the old criteria for the preclinical AD definition, while the recent research criteria also require tau positivity [8].”
From Duration of preclinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of Alzheimer's disease in relation to age, sex, and <i>APOE</i> genotype (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
Plaque formation rates vary over time; after rapid accumulation, plaque deposition gradually slows and by symptom manifestation is essentially done.
“Plaque formation rates also vary over time [217]. After a period of rapid accumulation, plaque deposition gradually slows and by the time symptoms manifest plaque deposition is essentially done [20, 205, 218].”
From The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
The amyloid cascade hypothesis, in conjunction with the preclinical AD category, necessarily infers that cognitive changes arising before plaques appear are etiologically unrelated to cognitive changes arising after plaques appear.
“The amyloid cascade hypothesis [14, 15], in conjunction with the newly designated preclinical AD category [20], necessarily infers cognitive changes that arise before plaques appear are etiologically unrelated to cognitive changes that arise after plaques appear.”
From The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
The new criteria make one critical mechanistic assumption: Aβ is an upstream AD biomarker; other biomarkers including increased CSF tau, CSF phospho-tau, and decreased glucose utilization are downstream.
“In addition to using Aβ phenomena to distinguish AD from “normal” brain aging, the new criteria make one critical mechanistic assumption. Aβ is identified as an “upstream” AD biomarker [77]. Other biomarkers, including increased CSF tau, CSF phospho-tau, and decreased glucose utilization (as demonstrated by fluorodeoxyglucose PET; FDG PET), are identified as “downstream” biomarkers.”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [77]
According to new AD diagnostic criteria, cognitive decline and absence of alternative dementia-associated pathology are no longer required features; altered brain or CSF Aβ is the sole requirement for a research diagnosis of AD.
“According to the new AD diagnostic criteria cognitive decline and an absence of alternative dementia-associated pathology are no longer required features. At least for research purposes, to qualify for a diagnosis of AD altered brain or CSF Aβ is now the sole requirement [77].”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [77]
The recent adoption of AD diagnostic criteria classifies cognitively normal individuals with brain plaques or low CSF Aβ levels as having preclinical AD.
“This is reflected by the recent adoption of AD diagnostic criteria that classify cognitively normal individuals with brain plaques or low cerebrospinal fluid Aβ levels as having “preclinical AD” [77].”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [77]
Studies of non-demented elderly cohorts overall report approximately 20-40% are PIB-positive.
“Studies of non-demented elderly cohorts overall report approximately 20–40% are PIB-positive [67, 68, 71–78].”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [77]
According to the new criteria, the primary dividing line between AD and brain aging is the presence or absence of brain or CSF Aβ changes.
“According to the new criteria, the primary dividing line between AD and brain aging is the presence or absence of brain or CSF Aβ changes.”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [77]
The asymptomatic phase of AD (AsymAD) is currently considered a preclinical stage of the disease.
“This asymptomatic phase of AD (AsymAD) is currently considered a preclinical stage of the disease [27, 28].”
From Deep proteomic network analysis of Alzheimer’s disease brain reveals alterations in RNA binding proteins and RNA splicing associated with disease (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Sperling, R. A., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Bennett, D. A., Craft, S., Fagan, A. M., Iwatsubo, T., Jack, C. R., Kaye, J., Montine, T. J., Park, D. C., Reiman, E. M., Rowe, C. C., Siemers, E., Stern, Y., Yaffe, K., Carrillo, M. C., Thies, B., Morrison‐Bogorad, M., Wagster, M. V., & Phelps, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Alzheimer's Association Chicago IL USA
- Alzheimer's Association (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sperling, Reisa A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-04-22
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 280-292
- ISSN
- 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5279
- PMC
- PMC3220946
- OpenAlex
- W2129497119
- Semantic Scholar
- 4718e61de2c928d77780b2a72fac704f18d8297b
- Cited by
- 7,155
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 375 · 2025: 467 · 2024: 485 · 2023: 445 · 2022: 534 · 2021: 575 · 2020: 550 · 2019: 533 · 2018: 513 · 2017: 471 · 2016: 468 · 2015: 461 · 2014: 417 · 2013: 418 · 2012: 302
- FWCI
- 277.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging
- Pfizer
- Baxter International
- Johnson and Johnson
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Bayer
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, preclinical Alzheimer's disease
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Humans, United States, Biomarkers, Practice Guidelines as Topic, National Institute on Aging (U.S.)
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